Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-5 (section)

=== 5.6.6 Links to the Sustainable Development Goals ===

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In 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement were two global major international policies adopted by all countries to guide the world to overall sustainability, within the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda and UNFCCC processes respectively. The 2030 Sustainable Development agenda includes 17 goals and 169 targets, including zero hunger, sustainable agriculture and climate action (United Nations 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1216|1216]]</sup> ).

This section focuses on intra – and inter-linkages of SDG 2 and SDG 13 based on the official SDG indicators (Figure 5.16), showing the current conditions (Roy et al. (2018) <sup>[[#fn:r1217|1217]]</sup> and Chapter 7 for further discussion). The second goal (Zero Hunger – SDG 2) aims to end hunger and all forms of malnutrition by 2030 and commits to universal access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food at all times of the year. SDG 13 (Climate Action) calls for urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. Integrating the SDGs into the global food system can provide opportunities for mitigation and adaptation and enhancement of food security.

Ensuring food security (SDG 2) shows positive relations (synergies) with most goals, according to Pradhan et al. (2017) <sup>[[#fn:r1218|1218]]</sup> and the International Council for Science (ICSU) (2017), but has trade-offs with SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and SDG 15 (Life on Land) under current development paradigms (Pradhan et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1219|1219]]</sup> ). Sustainable transformation of traditional consumption and production approaches can overcome these trade-offs based on several innovative methods (Shove et al. 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r1220|1220]]</sup> ). For example, sustainable intensification and reduction of food waste can minimise the observed negative relations between SDG 2 and other goals (Obersteiner et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1221|1221]]</sup> ) (Cross-Chapter Box 6 in Chapter 5 and Section 5.5.2). Achieving target 12.3 of SDG 12 ‘by 2030, to halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses’ will contribute to climate change mitigation.

Doubling productivity of smallholder farmers and halving food loss and waste by 2030 are targets of SDG 2 and SDG 12, respectively (United Nations Statistics Division 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1222|1222]]</sup> ). Agroforestry that promotes biodiversity and sustainable land management also contributes to food security (Montagnini and Metzel 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1223|1223]]</sup> ). Land restoration and protection (SDG 15) can increase crop productivity (SDG 2) (Wolff et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1224|1224]]</sup> ). Similarly, efficient irrigation practices can reduce water demand for agriculture that could improve the health of the freshwater ecosystem (SDG 6 and SDG 15) without reducing food production (Jägermeyr et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1225|1225]]</sup> ).

Climate action (SDG 13) shows negative relations (trade-offs) with most goals and is antagonistic to the 2030 development agenda under the current development paradigm (Figure 5.16) (Lusseau and Mancini 2019 <sup>[[#fn:r1226|1226]]</sup> and Pradhan 2019). The targets for SDG 13 have a strong focus on climate change adaptation, and the data for the SDG 13 indicators are limited. SDG 13 shares two indicators with SDG 1 and SDG 11 (United Nations 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1227|1227]]</sup> ) and therefore, has mainly positive linkages with these two goals. Trade-offs were observed between SDG 2 and SDG 13 for around 50% of the linkages analysed (Pradhan et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1228|1228]]</sup> ).

Transformation from current development paradigms and the breaking of these lock-in effects can protect climate and achieve food security in future. Sustainable agriculture practices can provide climate change adaptation and mitigation synergies, linking SDG 2 and SDG 13 more positively, according to the International Council for Science (ICSU) (2017). IPCC found that most of the current observed trade-offs between SDG 13 and other SDGs can be converted into synergies based on various mitigation options that can be deployed to limit the global warming well below 1.5°C (IPCC 2018b <sup>[[#fn:r1229|1229]]</sup> ).

In summary, there are fundamental synergies that can facilitate the joint implementation of strategies to achieve SDGs and climate action, with particular reference to those climate response strategies related to both supply side (production and supply chains) and demand side (consumption and dietary choices) described in this chapter ( ''high agreement and medium evidence'' ).

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'''Figure 5.16'''

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'''Intra and inter-linkages for SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 13 (Climate Action) at the global level using the official indicators of Sustainable Development Goals that consist of data for 122 indicators for a total of 227 countries between the years 1983 and 2016 (United Nations Statistics Division 2016). Synergies and trade-offs defined as significant […]'''
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[[File:4ac5826ee5b9025eaf745ec1308bf1b7 Figure-5.16.jpg]]

Intra and inter-linkages for SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 13 (Climate Action) at the global level using the official indicators of Sustainable Development Goals that consist of data for 122 indicators for a total of 227 countries between the years 1983 and 2016 (United Nations Statistics Division 2016). Synergies and trade-offs defined as significant positive (ρ &gt; 0.6, red bar) and negative (ρ &lt; –0.6, green bar) Spearman’s correlation between SDG indicators, respectively; ρ between 0.6 and –0.6 is considered as nonclassifieds (yellow bar) (Pradhan et al. 2017). Grey bars show insufficient data for analysis; white box shows number of data pairs used in analysis. The correlation between unique pairs of indicator time-series is carried based on country data. For example, between ‘prevalence of undernourishment’ (an indicator for SDG 2.1) and ‘maternal mortality ratio’ (an indicator for SDG 3.1). The data pairs can belong to the same goal or to two distinct goals. At the global level, intra-linkages of SDGs are quantified by the percentage of synergies, trade-offs, and nonclassifieds of indicator pairs belonging to the same SDG for all the countries. Similarly, SDG interlinkages are estimated by the percentage of synergies, trade-offs, and nonclassifieds between indicator pairs that fall into two distinct goals for all the countries.

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