Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-7 (section)

== 7.7 Key uncertainties and knowledge gaps ==

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Uncertainties in land, society and climate change processes are outlined in Section 7.2 and Chapter 1. This chapter has reviewed literature on risks arising from GHG fluxes, climate change, land degradation, desertification and food security, policy instruments responding to these risks, as well as decision-making and adaptive climate and land governance, in the face of uncertainty.

More research is required to understand the complex interconnections of land, climate, water, society, ES and food, including:

* new models that allow incorporation of considerations of justice, inequality and human agency in socio-environmental systems
* understanding how policy instruments and response options
* interact and augment or reduce risks in relation to acute shocks
* and slow-onset climate events
* understanding how response options, policy and instrument
* portfolios can reduce or augment the cascading impacts of land, climate and food security and ES interactions through different domains such as health, livelihoods and infrastructure, especially in relation to non-linear and tipping-point changes in natural and human systems
* consideration of trade-offs and synergies in climate, land, water, ES and food policies
* the impacts of increasing use of land due to climate mitigation measures such as BECCS, carbon-centric afforestation/REDD+ and their impacts on human conflict, livelihoods and displacement
* understanding how different land tenure systems, both formal and informal, and the land policies and administration systems that support them, can constrain or facilitate climate adaptation and mitigation, and on how forms of climate action can enhance or undermine land tenure security and land justice
* expanding understanding of barriers to implementation of land-based climate policies at all levels from the local to the global, including methods for monitoring and documenting corruption, misappropriation and elite capture in climate action
* identifying characteristics and attributes signalling impending socio-ecological tipping points and collapse
* understanding the full cost of climate change in the context of disagreement on accounting for climate change interactions and their impact on society, as well as issues of valuation, and attribution uncertainties across generations
* new models and Earth observation to understand the complex interactions described in this section
* the impacts, monitoring, effectiveness, and appropriate selection of certification and standards for sustainability (Section 7.4.6.3) (Stattman et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1568|1568]]</sup> ) and the effectiveness of its implementation through the landscape governance approach (Pacheco et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1569|1569]]</sup> ) (Section 7.6.3).

Actions to mitigate climate change are rarely evaluated in relation to impact on adaptation, SDGs, and trade-offs with food security. For instance, there is a gap in knowledge in the optimal carbon pricing or emission trading scheme together with monitoring, reporting and verification system for agricultural emissions that will advance GHG reductions, food security, and SLM. Better understanding is needed of the triggers and leveraging actions that build sustainable development and SLM, as well as the effective organisation of the science and society interaction jointly shaping policies in the future. What societal interaction in the future will form inclusive and equitable governance processes and achieve inclusive governance institutions, especially including land tenure?

As there is a significant gap in NDCs and achieving commitments to keep global warming well below 2°C (Section 7.4.4.1), governments might consider evaluating national, regional, and local gaps in knowledge surrounding response options, policy instruments portfolios, and SLM supporting the achievement of NDCs in the face of land and climate change.

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