Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-9 (section)

==== 9.6.4.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems ====

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Improved ecosystem care and restoration are cost-effective for carbon sequestration while providing multiple environmental, social and economic co-benefits ( [[#Griscom--2017|Griscom et al., 2017]] ; [[#Shukla--2019|Shukla et al., 2019]] ). Protecting and restoring natural forests and wetlands reduces flood risk across multiple African countries ( [[#Bradshaw--2007|Bradshaw et al., 2007]] ). In Kenya, enclosures for rangeland regeneration diversified income sources, which could increase the adaptive capacity of local people ( [[#Mureithi--2016|Mureithi et al., 2016]] ; [[#Wairore--2016|Wairore et al., 2016]] ). Sustainable agroforestry in semi-arid regions provides income sources from fuelwood, fruit and timber and reduces exposure to drought, floods and erosion ( [[#Quandt--2017|Quandt et al., 2017]] ). Forest protection in Zimbabwe maintains honey production during droughts, providing food supply options if crops fail ( [[#Lunga--2016|Lunga and Musarurwa, 2016]] ). Community-based natural resource management in pastoral communities improved institutional governance outcomes through involving community members in decision making, increasing the capacity of these communities to respond to climate change ( [[#Reid--2014|Reid, 2014]] ).

EbA can also increase ecological resilience. Re-introduction of fire and large mammals can restore ecosystem services, enhance adaptive capacity and benefit people by combatting woody encroachment, restoring grazing and increasing streamflow ( [[#Asner--2016|Asner et al., 2016]] ; [[#Stafford--2017|Stafford et al., 2017]] ; [[#Cromsigt--2018|Cromsigt et al., 2018]] ). Herbivores can also reduce fuel loads in areas facing increased fire risk ( [[#Hempson--2017|Hempson et al., 2017]] ).

Protected areas can be ‘stepping stones’ that facilitate climate-induced species range shifts ( [[#Roberts--2020|Roberts et al., 2020]] ), preserve medicinal plant diversity despite climate change ( [[#Kaky--2017|Kaky and Gilbert, 2017]] ) and provide livelihood diversification opportunities (Table 9.6). Protecting 30% of sub-Saharan Africa’s land area could reduce the proportion of species at risk of extinction by around 60% in both low and high warming scenarios ( [[#Hannah--2020|Hannah et al., 2020]] ). The role of protected areas in EbA can be strengthened by: (a) increasing coverage of diverse environments and high carbon storage ecosystems, (b) restoring habitat, (c) maintaining intact habitat, (d) participatory, equitable conservation and adaptation strategies; (e) cooperating across borders and (f) adequate monitoring ( [[#Gillson--2013|Gillson et al., 2013]] ; [[#Rannow--2014|Rannow et al., 2014]] ; [[#Midgley--2015|Midgley and Bond, 2015]] ; [[#Pecl--2017|Pecl et al., 2017]] ; [[#Dinerstein--2019|Dinerstein et al., 2019]] ; [[#Roberts--2020|Roberts et al., 2020]] ).

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