Editing IPCC:AR6/SROCC/Chapter-3 (section)

===== 3.4.3.3.2 Communities =====

''Culture and knowledge''

Spending time on the land is culturally important for indigenous communities (Eicken et al., 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1885|1885]]</sup> ; Durkalec et al., 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1886|1886]]</sup> ). There is ''high confidence'' that daily life is influenced by changes to ice freeze-up and break-up (rivers/lakes/sea ice), snow onset/melt, vegetation phenology, and related wildlife/fish/bird behaviour (Inuit Circumpolar Council-Alaska (ICC-AK), 2015). Inter-generational knowledge transmission of associated values and skills is also influenced by climate change because younger generations do not have the same level of experience or confidence with traditional indicators (Ford, 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r1887|1887]]</sup> ; Parlee and Furgal, 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r1888|1888]]</sup> ; Eicken et al., 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1889|1889]]</sup> ; Pearce et al., 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r1890|1890]]</sup> ). Climate-driven changes undermine confidence in indigenous knowledge holders in regards to traditional indicators used for safe travel and navigation (Parlee and Furgal, 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r1891|1891]]</sup> ; Golovnev, 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1892|1892]]</sup> ; Ford et al., 2019 <sup>[[#fn:r1893|1893]]</sup> ).

''Economics''

The Arctic mixed economy is characterised by a combination of subsistence activities, and employment and cash income. There is ''low confidence'' about the extent and nature of impact of climate change on local subsistence activities and economic opportunities across the Arctic (e.g., hunting, fishing, resource extraction, tourism and transportation; see Section 3.2.4) because of high variability between communities (Harder and Wenzel, 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r1894|1894]]</sup> ; Cochran et al., 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r1895|1895]]</sup> ; Clark et al., 2016b <sup>[[#fn:r1896|1896]]</sup> ; Fall, 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1897|1897]]</sup> ; Ford et al., 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1898|1898]]</sup> ; Lavrillier et al., 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1899|1899]]</sup> ). Longer ice-free travel windows in Arctic seas could lower the costs of access and development of northern resources (delivering supplies and shipping resources to markets) and thus, may contribute to increased opportunities for marine shipping, commercial fisheries, tourism and resource development (Sections 3.2.4.2, 3.2.4.3) (Ford et al., 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r1900|1900]]</sup> ; Huskey et al., 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1901|1901]]</sup> ; Overland et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1902|1902]]</sup> ). This has important implications for economic development, particularly in relation to local employment opportunities but also raises concerns of detrimental impacts on animals, habitat and subsistence activities (Cochran et al., 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r1903|1903]]</sup> ; Inuit Circumpolar Council-Alaska (ICC-AK), 2015).

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