Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-5 (section)

==== 5.9.4.4 Early-warning and monitoring systems ====

<div id="h3-45-siblings" class="h3-siblings"></div>

Globally, monitoring is increasing to fill scientific uncertainties ( [[#Goldsmith--2019|Goldsmith et al., 2019]] ) but is not often at spatial scales which facilitate farm or regional adaptation management ( [[#Whitney--2020|Whitney et al., 2020]] ) or data complexities prevent direct uptake by operators, resource managers and policymakers ( ''medium confidence'' ) ( [[#Soto--2018|Soto et al., 2018]] ; [[#Gallo--2019|Gallo et al., 2019]] ). Specialised industry portals (Pacific shellfish) and government-established monitoring programmes (Chilean salmon) and other observational networks (e.g., Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON)) can provide real-time monitoring and early-warning event alerts and facilitate aquaculture decision making ( ''medium confidence'' ) ( [[#Cross--2019|]] [[#Cross--2019|Cross et al., 2019]] ; [[#Farcy--2019|Farcy et al., 2019]] ; [[#Soto--2019|Soto et al., 2019]] ; [[#Tilbrook--2019|Tilbrook et al., 2019]] ; [[#Bresnahan--2020|Bresnahan et al., 2020]] ; [[#Peck--2020|Peck et al., 2020]] ). Seasonal forecasting, downscaled models and early-warning systems provide valuable regional or farm site risk information ( [[#Hobday--2018|Hobday et al., 2018]] ; [[#Galappaththi--2020b|Galappaththi et al., 2020b]] ; [[#Whitney--2020|Whitney et al., 2020]] ), but monitoring will need to be useful for farmers, involve farmers, and be accurate, timely, cost-effective, reviewed and maintained in order to ensure uptake ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Soto--2018|Soto et al., 2018]] ). Early-warning systems for HABs enable rapid decision making and risk mitigation ( ''medium confidence'' ), such as ocean colour monitoring in South Africa ( [[#Smith--2020|Smith and Bernard, 2020]] ), where early harvesting and additional husbandry were used to minimise production and economic losses ( [[#Pitcher--2019|Pitcher et al., 2019]] ). New tools, strategies and observations are needed to predict HAB occurrences and range shifts with changing climate ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Schaefer--2019|Schaefer et al., 2019]] ; [[#Tester--2020|Tester et al., 2020]] ), as there is uncertainty on drivers of incidence and toxicity ( [[#Wells--2020|Wells et al., 2020]] ).

<div id="5.9.5" class="h2-container"></div>

<span id="contributions-of-indigenous-traditional-and-local-knowledge"></span>