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=== 12.5.9 Adaptation Options to Address Key Risks in Central and South America === <div id="h2-19-siblings" class="h2-siblings"></div> This section integrates, in Table 12.10 as follows, the sectoral assessment of adaptation options (Sections 12.5.1β12.5.8) with the eight key risks assessed in the region ( [[#12.4|Section 12.4]] ). Table 12.10 presents a list of the summarised adaptation options, which are detailed in their adaptation sections, from [[#12.5.1|Section 12.5.1]] to [[#12.5.8|Section 12.5.8]] in this chapter. '''Table 12.10 |''' Adaptation options addressing key risks organised by sector. See the note at the end for descriptions of the sector name abbreviations. {| class="wikitable" |- | colspan="2"| '''''1. Risk of food insecurity due to frequent/extreme droughts''''' |- | T&F ecosystems | EbA: Agroecosystem resilience practices |- | O&C ecosystems | Not assessed (NA) |- | Water | Water infrastructure and irrigation; NbS and PES; participatory water management; multi-purpose water use |- | Food | Climate information services; EWSs; insurance; land use planning; LCA strategies; agroforestry; IKLK |- | Cities | NA |- | Health and well-being | EWS, insurance; participatory water management; water infrastructure and irrigation |- | Poverty and SD | CbA; government and institutional support |- | Human Dimension | Participatory management; incorporation of IKLK in water and crop management; education and communication |- | colspan="2"| '''''2. Risk to life and infrastructure due to floods and landslides''''' |- | T&F ecosystems | NA |- | O&C ecosystems | NA |- | Water | NbS; land use regulation; EWSs; integrated risk management |- | Food | NA |- | Cities | Urban planning; climate-adapted parameters in land use and building regulation; intersectoral and multi-level governance; slum upgrading; social housing improvement; urban control systems; CbA; risk management plans; integrated watershed management; flood control programmes; environment protected areas; household relocation; EWS; NbS; mapping tools; GGI; water storage solutions; wetland restoration; SUDSs; LID; river restoration; multi-functional landscapes; improving basic sanitation services |- | Health and well-being | EWS; GGI; community-led and managed relocation; insurance |- | Poverty and SD | Secure location; social housing policies; EWS |- | Human dimensions | Education and communication |- | colspan="2"| '''3. Risk of water insecurity''' |- | T&F ecosystems | Monitoring systems; EbA; forest protection and restoration; watershed protection |- | O&C ecosystems | CbA; land use and development regulation |- | Water | Water infrastructure and irrigation; NbS and PES; participatory water management; multi-purpose water use |- | Food | Management and planning; NbS; soil and water conservation |- | Cities | Intersectoral and multi-level governance; CbA; risk management plans; integrated watershed management; environment protected areas; NbS; GGI; wetland restoration; improving basic sanitation services; reservoir system |- | Health and well-being | Protection and restoration; NAPs; participatory water management |- | Poverty and SD | NbS: water harvesting; equitable water distribution |- | Human dimensions | Participatory management; incorporation of IKLK in water management; education and communication |- | colspan="2"| '''''4. Risk of severe health effects due to increasing epidemics''''' |- | T&F ecosystems | NA |- | O&C ecosystems | NA |- | Water | Water infrastructure; sanitation improvement |- | Food | NA |- | Cities | NA |- | Health and well-being | EWS; health-climate surveillance systems; national plans on health; communal management; GGI; protection and restoration |- | Poverty and SD | CbA; transparent democratic governance; equitable services; education |- | Human dimensions | Education and communication |- | colspan="2"| '''''5. Systemic risks of surpassing infrastructure and public service systems''''' |- | T&F ecosystems | NA |- | O&C ecosystems | EWS; EbA; territorial planning; CbA; land use and development regulation; GGI |- | Water | Water infrastructure; land use regulation; water retention capacity; EWS; capacity building |- | Food | NA |- | Cities | Urban planning; climate-adapted parameters in land use and building regulation; intersectoral and multi-level governance; slum upgrading; social housing improvement; CbA; improving basic sanitation services; micro wastewater treatment plants |- | Health and well-being | EWS; vulnerability and risk maps; NAPs; GGI |- | Poverty and SD | Transparent, democratic governance |- | Human dimensions | NA |- | colspan="2"| '''''6. Risk of large-scale changes and biome shifts in Amazon''''' |- | T&F ecosystems | Monitoring systems; EbA; protected areas; forest protection and restoration; watershed protection |- | O&C ecosystems | NA |- | Water | IWRM |- | Food | Territorial planning |- | Cities | NA |- | Health and well-being | Protection and restoration |- | Poverty and SD | Insurance; micro-credits; PES; CbA |- | Human dimensions | Participatory management; incorporation of IK and LK in forest management; education and communication |- | colspan="2"| '''''7. Risk to coral reef ecosystems due to coral bleaching''''' |- | T&F ecosystems | NA |- | O&C ecosystems | Zoning schemes; MPAs; EbA; CbA; adherence to international treaties |- | Water | NA |- | Food | NA |- | Cities | NA |- | Health and well-being | Protection and restoration |- | Poverty and SD | NA |- | Human dimensions | NA |- | colspan="2"| '''''8. Risks to coastal socioecological systems due to sea level rise, storm surges and coastal erosion''''' |- | T&F ecosystems | NA |- | O&C ecosystems | EbA; planned relocation; GGI |- | Water | NA |- | Food | NA |- | Cities | Urban planning; climate-adapted patterns in land use and building regulation; intersectoral and multi-level governance; CbA; risk management plans; household relocation; NbS; GGI |- | Health and well-being | GGI; communal management; protection and restoration |- | Poverty and SD | Secure location; CbA relocation |- | Human dimensions | Participatory management; education and communication |} Notes: Some sectors are represented by abbreviations: Terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and their services (T&F ecosystems); ocean and coastal ecosystems and their services (O&C ecosystems); food, fibre and other ecosystem products (food); cities, settlements and key infrastructure (cities); poverty, livelihood and sustainable development (poverty and SD); cross-cutting issues in the human dimension (human dimensions). <div id="12.5.10" class="h2-container"></div> <span id="feasibility-assessment-of-adaptation-options"></span>
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