IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-12 - Revision history

Laura at 08:47, 22 May 2026

2026-05-22T08:47:41Z

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			{{ChapterNavigation
			\| cover = Cover-WGII.jpg
			\| reporturl = IPCC:AR6/WGII
			\| reporttitle = WGII
			\| prevurl = IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-11
			\| nexturl = IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-13
			}}

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Laura: Laura moved page IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-12 to IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-12 without leaving a redirect

2026-05-18T18:26:04Z

Laura moved page IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-12 to IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-12 without leaving a redirect

← Older revision	Revision as of 18:26, 18 May 2026
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Laura at 12:51, 15 May 2026

2026-05-15T12:51:41Z

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	<span id="vulnerability-and-observed-impacts"></span>		<span id="vulnerability-and-observed-impacts"></span>
	''Vulnerability and observed impacts:''		===== Vulnerability and observed impacts: =====

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	<span id="current-adaptation-responses"></span>		<span id="current-adaptation-responses"></span>
			===== Current adaptation responses: =====
	''Current adaptation responses:''

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	<span id="what-are-the-projected-impacts-and-key-risks"></span>		<span id="what-are-the-projected-impacts-and-key-risks"></span>
			===== What are the projected impacts and key risks? =====
	''What are the projected impacts and key risks?''

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	<span id="contribution-of-adaptation-to-solutions-and-barriers-to-adaptation"></span>		<span id="contribution-of-adaptation-to-solutions-and-barriers-to-adaptation"></span>
			===== Contribution of adaptation to solutions and barriers to adaptation =====
	''Contribution of adaptation to solutions and barriers to adaptation''

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	<span id="introduction"></span>		<span id="introduction"></span>

	== 12.1 Introduction ==		== 12.1 Introduction ==

Laura: /* Contribution of adaptation to solutions and barriers to adaptation */

2026-05-15T12:32:50Z

Contribution of adaptation to solutions and barriers to adaptation

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	<span id="contribution-of-adaptation-to-solutions-and-barriers-to-adaptation"></span>		<span id="contribution-of-adaptation-to-solutions-and-barriers-to-adaptation"></span>

	~~=====~~ Contribution of adaptation to solutions and barriers to adaptation ~~=====~~		''Contribution of adaptation to solutions and barriers to adaptation''

	<div id="h4-4-siblings" class="h4-siblings"></div>		<div id="h4-4-siblings" class="h4-siblings"></div>
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	<span id="introduction"></span>		<span id="introduction"></span>

	== 12.1 Introduction ==		== 12.1 Introduction ==

Laura: /* What are the projected impacts and key risks? */

2026-05-15T12:32:38Z

What are the projected impacts and key risks?

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	<span id="what-are-the-projected-impacts-and-key-risks"></span>		<span id="what-are-the-projected-impacts-and-key-risks"></span>

	~~=====~~ What are the projected impacts and key risks? ~~=====~~		''What are the projected impacts and key risks?''

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	<span id="contribution-of-adaptation-to-solutions-and-barriers-to-adaptation"></span>		<span id="contribution-of-adaptation-to-solutions-and-barriers-to-adaptation"></span>

	===== Contribution of adaptation to solutions and barriers to adaptation =====		===== Contribution of adaptation to solutions and barriers to adaptation =====

Laura: /* Current adaptation responses: */

2026-05-15T12:32:27Z

Current adaptation responses:

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	<span id="current-adaptation-responses"></span>		<span id="current-adaptation-responses"></span>

	~~=====~~ Current adaptation responses: ~~=====~~		''Current adaptation responses:''

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	<span id="what-are-the-projected-impacts-and-key-risks"></span>		<span id="what-are-the-projected-impacts-and-key-risks"></span>

	===== What are the projected impacts and key risks? =====		===== What are the projected impacts and key risks? =====

Laura: /* Vulnerability and observed impacts: */

2026-05-15T12:32:16Z

Vulnerability and observed impacts:

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	<span id="vulnerability-and-observed-impacts"></span>		<span id="vulnerability-and-observed-impacts"></span>
	~~=====~~ Vulnerability and observed impacts: ~~=====~~		''Vulnerability and observed impacts:''

	<div id="h4-1-siblings" class="h4-siblings"></div>		<div id="h4-1-siblings" class="h4-siblings"></div>
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	<span id="current-adaptation-responses"></span>		<span id="current-adaptation-responses"></span>

	===== Current adaptation responses: =====		===== Current adaptation responses: =====

Laura: #119

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#119

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	'''Figure 12.7 \|''' '''Sectoral distribution of vulnerability levels to climate change for sub-regions.''' The vulnerability levels are based on studies that include: (a) databases with climate-change vulnerability indexes by country and sector, (b) studies that apply climate-change vulnerability indexes by sector at the local, national, regional or global scale, and (c) studies that define some vulnerability level based on the authors’ expert judgment.		'''Figure 12.7 \|''' '''Sectoral distribution of vulnerability levels to climate change for sub-regions.''' The vulnerability levels are based on studies that include: (a) databases with climate-change vulnerability indexes by country and sector, (b) studies that apply climate-change vulnerability indexes by sector at the local, national, regional or global scale, and (c) studies that define some vulnerability level based on the authors’ expert judgment.

	~~'''~~'''Panel~~'''''' ''''''~~(a)~~'''~~''' shows the vulnerability and confidence levels for each sub-region.		'''Panel (a)''' shows the vulnerability and confidence levels for each sub-region.

	~~'''~~'''Panel~~'''''' ''''''~~(b)~~'''~~''' indicates the references used and the level of vulnerability by sub-region. The numbers within the table indicate the reference used for the assessment in the following order: (1) [[#Aitken--2016\|Aitken et al. (2016)]] ; (2) [[#Anderson--2018b\|Anderson et al. (2018b)]] ; (3) Bañales-Seguel et al. (2018); (4) [[#Bouroncle--2017\|Bouroncle et al. (2017)]] ; (5) [[#CAF--2014\|CAF (2014)]] ; (6) Carrão et al. (2016); (7) [[#Donatti--2019\|Donatti et al. (2019)]] ; (8) [[#Eguiguren-Velepucha--2016\|Eguiguren-Velepucha et al. (2016)]] ; (9) [[#FAO--2020a\|FAO (2020a)]] ; (10) [[#FAO--2020b\|FAO (2020b)]] ; (11) [[#FAO--2021a\|FAO (2021a)]] ; (12) [[#FAO--2021b\|FAO (2021b)]] ; (13) [[#FAO--2021c\|FAO (2021c)]] ; (14) [[#FAO--2021\|FAO et al. (2021)]] ; (15) FAO and [[#ECLAC--2020\|ECLAC (2020)]] ; (16) Ferreira Filho and Moraes (2015); (17) [[#Filho--2016\|Filho et al. (2016)]] ; (18) Fuentes-Castillo et al. (2020); (19) [[#FSIN%20and%20Global%20Network%20Against%20Food%20Crisis--2021\|FSIN and Global Network Against Food Crisis (2021)]] ; (20) [[#Global%20Health%20Security%20Index--2019\|Global Health Security Index (2019)]] ; (21) [[#Godber--2014\|Godber and Wall (2014)]] ; (22) Handisyde et al. (2017); (23) [[#Hannah--2017\|Hannah et al. (2017)]] ; (24) [[#Immerzeel--2020\|Immerzeel et al. (2020)]] ; (25) [[#Inform%20Risk%20Index--2021\|Inform Risk Index (2021)]] ; (26) [[#Koutroulis--2019\|Koutroulis et al. (2019)]] ; (27) Krishnamurthy et al. (2014); (28) [[#Lapola--2019a\|Lapola et al. (2019a)]] ; (29) [[#Li--2018\|Li et al. (2018)]] ; (30) [[#Lin--2020\|Lin et al. (2020)]] ; (31) [[#Mansur--2016\|Mansur et al. (2016)]] ; (32) [[#Martins--2017\|Martins et al. (2017)]] ; (33) [[#Menezes--2018\|Menezes et al. (2018)]] ; (34) [[#Nagy--2018\|Nagy et al. (2018)]] ;35) [[#ND-Gain--2020\|ND-Gain (2020)]] ; (36) [[#Northey--2017\|Northey et al. (2017)]] ; (37) [[#Olivares--2015\|Olivares et al. (2015)]] ; (38) [[#Pacifici--2015\|Pacifici et al. (2015)]] ; (39) [[#Qin--2020\|Qin et al. (2020)]] ; (40) [[#Romeo--2020\|Romeo et al. (2020)]] ; (41) [[#Liu--2021\|Liu and Chen (2021)]] ; (42) [[#Silva--2019b\|Silva et al. (2019b)]] ; (43) [[#Soto%20Winckler--2019\|Soto Winckler and Del Castillo Pantoja (2019)]] ; (44) [[#Soto--2019\|Soto et al. (2019)]] ; (45) [[#Tomby--2019\|Tomby and Zhang (2019)]] ; (46) [[#Venegas-González--2018b\|Venegas-González et al. (2018b)]] ; (47) [[#Yeni--2017\|Yeni and Alpas (2017)]] ; (48) Marengo et al. (2017); (49) Bedran-Martins et al. (2018); (50) [[#Confalonieri--2014a\|Confalonieri et al. (2014a)]] . Detailed methodology can be found in SM12.2.		'''Panel (b)''' indicates the references used and the level of vulnerability by sub-region. The numbers within the table indicate the reference used for the assessment in the following order: (1) [[#Aitken--2016\|Aitken et al. (2016)]] ; (2) [[#Anderson--2018b\|Anderson et al. (2018b)]] ; (3) Bañales-Seguel et al. (2018); (4) [[#Bouroncle--2017\|Bouroncle et al. (2017)]] ; (5) [[#CAF--2014\|CAF (2014)]] ; (6) Carrão et al. (2016); (7) [[#Donatti--2019\|Donatti et al. (2019)]] ; (8) [[#Eguiguren-Velepucha--2016\|Eguiguren-Velepucha et al. (2016)]] ; (9) [[#FAO--2020a\|FAO (2020a)]] ; (10) [[#FAO--2020b\|FAO (2020b)]] ; (11) [[#FAO--2021a\|FAO (2021a)]] ; (12) [[#FAO--2021b\|FAO (2021b)]] ; (13) [[#FAO--2021c\|FAO (2021c)]] ; (14) [[#FAO--2021\|FAO et al. (2021)]] ; (15) FAO and [[#ECLAC--2020\|ECLAC (2020)]] ; (16) Ferreira Filho and Moraes (2015); (17) [[#Filho--2016\|Filho et al. (2016)]] ; (18) Fuentes-Castillo et al. (2020); (19) [[#FSIN%20and%20Global%20Network%20Against%20Food%20Crisis--2021\|FSIN and Global Network Against Food Crisis (2021)]] ; (20) [[#Global%20Health%20Security%20Index--2019\|Global Health Security Index (2019)]] ; (21) [[#Godber--2014\|Godber and Wall (2014)]] ; (22) Handisyde et al. (2017); (23) [[#Hannah--2017\|Hannah et al. (2017)]] ; (24) [[#Immerzeel--2020\|Immerzeel et al. (2020)]] ; (25) [[#Inform%20Risk%20Index--2021\|Inform Risk Index (2021)]] ; (26) [[#Koutroulis--2019\|Koutroulis et al. (2019)]] ; (27) Krishnamurthy et al. (2014); (28) [[#Lapola--2019a\|Lapola et al. (2019a)]] ; (29) [[#Li--2018\|Li et al. (2018)]] ; (30) [[#Lin--2020\|Lin et al. (2020)]] ; (31) [[#Mansur--2016\|Mansur et al. (2016)]] ; (32) [[#Martins--2017\|Martins et al. (2017)]] ; (33) [[#Menezes--2018\|Menezes et al. (2018)]] ; (34) [[#Nagy--2018\|Nagy et al. (2018)]] ;35) [[#ND-Gain--2020\|ND-Gain (2020)]] ; (36) [[#Northey--2017\|Northey et al. (2017)]] ; (37) [[#Olivares--2015\|Olivares et al. (2015)]] ; (38) [[#Pacifici--2015\|Pacifici et al. (2015)]] ; (39) [[#Qin--2020\|Qin et al. (2020)]] ; (40) [[#Romeo--2020\|Romeo et al. (2020)]] ; (41) [[#Liu--2021\|Liu and Chen (2021)]] ; (42) [[#Silva--2019b\|Silva et al. (2019b)]] ; (43) [[#Soto%20Winckler--2019\|Soto Winckler and Del Castillo Pantoja (2019)]] ; (44) [[#Soto--2019\|Soto et al. (2019)]] ; (45) [[#Tomby--2019\|Tomby and Zhang (2019)]] ; (46) [[#Venegas-González--2018b\|Venegas-González et al. (2018b)]] ; (47) [[#Yeni--2017\|Yeni and Alpas (2017)]] ; (48) Marengo et al. (2017); (49) Bedran-Martins et al. (2018); (50) [[#Confalonieri--2014a\|Confalonieri et al. (2014a)]] . Detailed methodology can be found in SM12.2.

	Current goals in national and sectoral adaptation plans attempt to promote research and monitoring (e.g., new research actions, modelling, knowledge management), the development of new legislative tools and policies (e.g., inter-institutional and territorial coordination, improvement of public policies), the conservation of ocean and coastal ecosystems and their biodiversity (e.g., creation of new MPAs, protection tools), the management of climate risks (e.g., warning systems), the management of productive activities (e.g., diversification of resources), the promotion of the construction of new infrastructure and technology (e.g., grey-green infrastructure [GGI]), the creation of new financial tools (e.g., types of insurance), improved the capacity building (e.g., education, awareness), water and residue management (e.g., sewage and freshwater availability), social inclusion (e.g., strategies to support vulnerable sectors, gender inclusion) and the incorporation of traditional practices (e.g., restoring traditional practices including Indigenous knowledge [IK]). However, the amount and type of adaptation goals differ enormously from country to country (Figure 12.12).		Current goals in national and sectoral adaptation plans attempt to promote research and monitoring (e.g., new research actions, modelling, knowledge management), the development of new legislative tools and policies (e.g., inter-institutional and territorial coordination, improvement of public policies), the conservation of ocean and coastal ecosystems and their biodiversity (e.g., creation of new MPAs, protection tools), the management of climate risks (e.g., warning systems), the management of productive activities (e.g., diversification of resources), the promotion of the construction of new infrastructure and technology (e.g., grey-green infrastructure [GGI]), the creation of new financial tools (e.g., types of insurance), improved the capacity building (e.g., education, awareness), water and residue management (e.g., sewage and freshwater availability), social inclusion (e.g., strategies to support vulnerable sectors, gender inclusion) and the incorporation of traditional practices (e.g., restoring traditional practices including Indigenous knowledge [IK]). However, the amount and type of adaptation goals differ enormously from country to country (Figure 12.12).

Laura: /* Chapter 12: Central and South America */

2026-05-13T14:12:38Z

Chapter 12: Central and South America

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	<div id="chapter-citation"></div>		<div id="chapter-citation"></div>

	This chapter should be cited as:		'''This chapter should be cited as:'''

	Castellanos, E., M.F. Lemos, L. Astigarraga, N. Chacón, N. Cuvi, C. Huggel, L. Miranda, M. Moncassim Vale, J.P. Ometto, P.L. Peri, J.C. Postigo, L. Ramajo, L. Roco, and M. Rusticucci, 2022: Central and South America. In: ''Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.'' Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1689–1816, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.014.		Castellanos, E., M.F. Lemos, L. Astigarraga, N. Chacón, N. Cuvi, C. Huggel, L. Miranda, M. Moncassim Vale, J.P. Ometto, P.L. Peri, J.C. Postigo, L. Ramajo, L. Roco, and M. Rusticucci, 2022: Central and South America. In: ''Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.'' Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1689–1816, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.014.

imported>Design: /* Chapter 12: Central and South America */

2026-05-11T08:03:18Z

Chapter 12: Central and South America

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