IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-4 - Revision history

Laura at 08:45, 22 May 2026

2026-05-22T08:45:34Z

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			{{ChapterNavigation
			\| cover = Cover-WGII.jpg
			\| reporturl = IPCC:AR6/WGII
			\| reporttitle = WGII
			\| prevurl = IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-3
			\| nexturl = IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-5
			}}

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Laura: Laura moved page IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4 to IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-4 without leaving a redirect

2026-05-18T18:28:30Z

Laura moved page IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4 to IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-4 without leaving a redirect

← Older revision	Revision as of 18:28, 18 May 2026
(No difference)

Laura: /* A common set of enabling principles underpinned by strong political support can help meet the triple goals of water security, sustainable and climate resilient development ( high confidence ). {4.8, 4.8.3, 4.8.4., 4.8.5, 4.8.6, 4.8.7} */

2026-05-18T05:49:08Z

A common set of enabling principles underpinned by strong political support can help meet the triple goals of water security, sustainable and climate resilient development ( high confidence ). {4.8, 4.8.3, 4.8.4., 4.8.5, 4.8.6, 4.8.7}

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	<span id="a-common-set-of-enabling-principles-underpinned-by-strong-political-support-can-help-meet-the-triple-goals-of-water-security-sustainable-and-climate-resilient-development-high-confidence-.-4.8-4.8.3-4.8.4.-4.8.5-4.8.6-4.8.7"></span>		<span id="a-common-set-of-enabling-principles-underpinned-by-strong-political-support-can-help-meet-the-triple-goals-of-water-security-sustainable-and-climate-resilient-development-high-confidence-.-4.8-4.8.3-4.8.4.-4.8.5-4.8.6-4.8.7"></span>

	~~======~~ '''A common set of enabling principles underpinned by strong political support can help meet the triple goals of water security, sustainable and climate resilient development (''' '''''high confidence''''' ). '''{4.8, 4.8.3, 4.8.4., 4.8.5, 4.8.6, 4.8.7}''' ~~======~~		'''A common set of enabling principles underpinned by strong political support can help meet the triple goals of water security, sustainable and climate resilient development (''' '''''high confidence''''' ). '''{4.8, 4.8.3, 4.8.4., 4.8.5, 4.8.6, 4.8.7}'''

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	<span id="centrality-of-water-security-in-climate-change-and-climate-resilient-development"></span>		<span id="centrality-of-water-security-in-climate-change-and-climate-resilient-development"></span>

	== 4.1 Centrality of Water Security in Climate Change and Climate Resilient Development ==		== 4.1 Centrality of Water Security in Climate Change and Climate Resilient Development ==

Laura: /* Water security is critical for meeting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and systems transitions needed for climate resilient development, yet many mitigation measures have a high water footprint which can compromise SDGs and adaptation outcomes ( high confidence ). {4.1, Box 4.4, 4.6, 4.6.2, 4.6.3, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.4, 4.7.5.7} */

2026-05-18T05:48:55Z

Water security is critical for meeting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and systems transitions needed for climate resilient development, yet many mitigation measures have a high water footprint which can compromise SDGs and adaptation outcomes ( high confidence ). {4.1, Box 4.4, 4.6, 4.6.2, 4.6.3, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.4, 4.7.5.7}

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	<span id="water-security-is-critical-for-meeting-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs-and-systems-transitions-needed-for-climate-resilient-development-yet-many-mitigation-measures-have-a-high-water-footprint-which-can-compromise-sdgs-and-adaptation-outcomes-high-confidence-.-4.1-box-4.4-4.6-4.6.2-4.6.3-4.7-4.7.1-4.7.4-4.7.5.7"></span>		<span id="water-security-is-critical-for-meeting-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs-and-systems-transitions-needed-for-climate-resilient-development-yet-many-mitigation-measures-have-a-high-water-footprint-which-can-compromise-sdgs-and-adaptation-outcomes-high-confidence-.-4.1-box-4.4-4.6-4.6.2-4.6.3-4.7-4.7.1-4.7.4-4.7.5.7"></span>

	~~======~~ '''Water security is critical for meeting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and systems transitions needed for climate resilient development, yet many mitigation measures have a high water footprint which can compromise SDGs and adaptation outcomes (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). {4.1, Box 4.4, 4.6, 4.6.2, 4.6.3, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.4, 4.7.5.7}''' ~~======~~		'''Water security is critical for meeting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and systems transitions needed for climate resilient development, yet many mitigation measures have a high water footprint which can compromise SDGs and adaptation outcomes (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). {4.1, Box 4.4, 4.6, 4.6.2, 4.6.3, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.4, 4.7.5.7}'''

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	<span id="a-common-set-of-enabling-principles-underpinned-by-strong-political-support-can-help-meet-the-triple-goals-of-water-security-sustainable-and-climate-resilient-development-high-confidence-.-4.8-4.8.3-4.8.4.-4.8.5-4.8.6-4.8.7"></span>		<span id="a-common-set-of-enabling-principles-underpinned-by-strong-political-support-can-help-meet-the-triple-goals-of-water-security-sustainable-and-climate-resilient-development-high-confidence-.-4.8-4.8.3-4.8.4.-4.8.5-4.8.6-4.8.7"></span>

	====== '''A common set of enabling principles underpinned by strong political support can help meet the triple goals of water security, sustainable and climate resilient development (''' '''''high confidence''''' ). '''{4.8, 4.8.3, 4.8.4., 4.8.5, 4.8.6, 4.8.7}''' ======		====== '''A common set of enabling principles underpinned by strong political support can help meet the triple goals of water security, sustainable and climate resilient development (''' '''''high confidence''''' ). '''{4.8, 4.8.3, 4.8.4., 4.8.5, 4.8.6, 4.8.7}''' ======

Laura: /* Future projected adaptations are effective in reducing risks to a varying extent ( medium confidence ), but effectiveness falls sharply beyond 2°C, emphasizing the need for limiting warming to 1.5°C ( high confidence ). {4.6, 4.7.2, 4.7.3} */

2026-05-18T05:48:40Z

Future projected adaptations are effective in reducing risks to a varying extent ( medium confidence ), but effectiveness falls sharply beyond 2°C, emphasizing the need for limiting warming to 1.5°C ( high confidence ). {4.6, 4.7.2, 4.7.3}

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	<span id="future-projected-adaptations-are-effective-in-reducing-risks-to-a-varying-extent-medium-confidence-but-effectiveness-falls-sharply-beyond-2c-emphasizing-the-need-for-limiting-warming-to-1.5c-high-confidence-.-4.6-4.7.2-4.7.3"></span>		<span id="future-projected-adaptations-are-effective-in-reducing-risks-to-a-varying-extent-medium-confidence-but-effectiveness-falls-sharply-beyond-2c-emphasizing-the-need-for-limiting-warming-to-1.5c-high-confidence-.-4.6-4.7.2-4.7.3"></span>

	~~======~~ '''Future projected adaptations are effective in reducing risks to a varying extent (~~''' '''~~''medium confidence~~'''~~'' ), but effectiveness falls sharply beyond 2°C, emphasizing the need for limiting warming to 1.5°C ( ~~'''~~''high confidence~~'''~~'' ). {4.6, 4.7.2, 4.7.3} ~~======~~		'''Future projected adaptations are effective in reducing risks to a varying extent (''medium confidence''), but effectiveness falls sharply beyond 2°C, emphasizing the need for limiting warming to 1.5°C (''high confidence''). {4.6, 4.7.2, 4.7.3}'''

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	<span id="water-security-is-critical-for-meeting-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs-and-systems-transitions-needed-for-climate-resilient-development-yet-many-mitigation-measures-have-a-high-water-footprint-which-can-compromise-sdgs-and-adaptation-outcomes-high-confidence-.-4.1-box-4.4-4.6-4.6.2-4.6.3-4.7-4.7.1-4.7.4-4.7.5.7"></span>		<span id="water-security-is-critical-for-meeting-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs-and-systems-transitions-needed-for-climate-resilient-development-yet-many-mitigation-measures-have-a-high-water-footprint-which-can-compromise-sdgs-and-adaptation-outcomes-high-confidence-.-4.1-box-4.4-4.6-4.6.2-4.6.3-4.7-4.7.1-4.7.4-4.7.5.7"></span>

	====== '''Water security is critical for meeting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and systems transitions needed for climate resilient development, yet many mitigation measures have a high water footprint which can compromise SDGs and adaptation outcomes (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). {4.1, Box 4.4, 4.6, 4.6.2, 4.6.3, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.4, 4.7.5.7}''' ======		====== '''Water security is critical for meeting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and systems transitions needed for climate resilient development, yet many mitigation measures have a high water footprint which can compromise SDGs and adaptation outcomes (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). {4.1, Box 4.4, 4.6, 4.6.2, 4.6.3, 4.7, 4.7.1, 4.7.4, 4.7.5.7}''' ======

Laura: /* Observed water adaptation responses have multiple benefits ( high confidence ), yet evidence of effectiveness of adaptation in reducing climate risks is not clear due to methodological challenges ( medium confidence ). {4.6, 4.7.1, 4.7.3} */

2026-05-18T05:48:05Z

Observed water adaptation responses have multiple benefits ( high confidence ), yet evidence of effectiveness of adaptation in reducing climate risks is not clear due to methodological challenges ( medium confidence ). {4.6, 4.7.1, 4.7.3}

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	<span id="observed-water-adaptation-responses-have-multiple-benefits-high-confidence-yet-evidence-of-effectiveness-of-adaptation-in-reducing-climate-risks-is-not-clear-due-to-methodological-challenges-medium-confidence-.-4.6-4.7.1-4.7.3"></span>		<span id="observed-water-adaptation-responses-have-multiple-benefits-high-confidence-yet-evidence-of-effectiveness-of-adaptation-in-reducing-climate-risks-is-not-clear-due-to-methodological-challenges-medium-confidence-.-4.6-4.7.1-4.7.3"></span>

	~~======~~ '''Observed water adaptation responses have multiple benefits (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''), yet evidence of effectiveness of adaptation in reducing climate risks is not clear due to methodological challenges (''' '''''medium confidence''''' '''). {4.6, 4.7.1, 4.7.3}''' ~~======~~		'''Observed water adaptation responses have multiple benefits (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''), yet evidence of effectiveness of adaptation in reducing climate risks is not clear due to methodological challenges (''' '''''medium confidence''''' '''). {4.6, 4.7.1, 4.7.3}'''

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	<span id="future-projected-adaptations-are-effective-in-reducing-risks-to-a-varying-extent-medium-confidence-but-effectiveness-falls-sharply-beyond-2c-emphasizing-the-need-for-limiting-warming-to-1.5c-high-confidence-.-4.6-4.7.2-4.7.3"></span>		<span id="future-projected-adaptations-are-effective-in-reducing-risks-to-a-varying-extent-medium-confidence-but-effectiveness-falls-sharply-beyond-2c-emphasizing-the-need-for-limiting-warming-to-1.5c-high-confidence-.-4.6-4.7.2-4.7.3"></span>

	====== '''Future projected adaptations are effective in reducing risks to a varying extent (''' '''''medium confidence''''' ), but effectiveness falls sharply beyond 2°C, emphasizing the need for limiting warming to 1.5°C ( '''''high confidence''''' ). {4.6, 4.7.2, 4.7.3} ======		====== '''Future projected adaptations are effective in reducing risks to a varying extent (''' '''''medium confidence''''' ), but effectiveness falls sharply beyond 2°C, emphasizing the need for limiting warming to 1.5°C ( '''''high confidence''''' ). {4.6, 4.7.2, 4.7.3} ======

Laura: /* Limiting global warming to 1.5°C would reduce water-related risks across regions and sectors ( high confidence ). {4.4.2, 4.4.5, 4.5.2, 4.5.3, 4.5.4, 4.5.6, 4.5.7, 4.6.1, 4.7.2} */

2026-05-18T05:47:54Z

Limiting global warming to 1.5°C would reduce water-related risks across regions and sectors ( high confidence ). {4.4.2, 4.4.5, 4.5.2, 4.5.3, 4.5.4, 4.5.6, 4.5.7, 4.6.1, 4.7.2}

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	<span id="limiting-global-warming-to-1.5c-would-reduce-water-related-risks-across-regions-and-sectors-high-confidence-.-4.4.2-4.4.5-4.5.2-4.5.3-4.5.4-4.5.6-4.5.7-4.6.1-4.7.2"></span>		<span id="limiting-global-warming-to-1.5c-would-reduce-water-related-risks-across-regions-and-sectors-high-confidence-.-4.4.2-4.4.5-4.5.2-4.5.3-4.5.4-4.5.6-4.5.7-4.6.1-4.7.2"></span>

	~~======~~ '''Limiting global warming to 1.5°C would reduce water-related risks across regions and sectors (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). {4.4.2, 4.4.5, 4.5.2, 4.5.3, 4.5.4, 4.5.6, 4.5.7, 4.6.1, 4.7.2}''' ~~======~~		'''Limiting global warming to 1.5°C would reduce water-related risks across regions and sectors (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). {4.4.2, 4.4.5, 4.5.2, 4.5.3, 4.5.4, 4.5.6, 4.5.7, 4.6.1, 4.7.2}'''

	<div id="h4-6-siblings" class="h4-siblings"></div>		<div id="h4-6-siblings" class="h4-siblings"></div>
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	<span id="observed-water-adaptation-responses-have-multiple-benefits-high-confidence-yet-evidence-of-effectiveness-of-adaptation-in-reducing-climate-risks-is-not-clear-due-to-methodological-challenges-medium-confidence-.-4.6-4.7.1-4.7.3"></span>		<span id="observed-water-adaptation-responses-have-multiple-benefits-high-confidence-yet-evidence-of-effectiveness-of-adaptation-in-reducing-climate-risks-is-not-clear-due-to-methodological-challenges-medium-confidence-.-4.6-4.7.1-4.7.3"></span>

	====== '''Observed water adaptation responses have multiple benefits (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''), yet evidence of effectiveness of adaptation in reducing climate risks is not clear due to methodological challenges (''' '''''medium confidence''''' '''). {4.6, 4.7.1, 4.7.3}''' ======		====== '''Observed water adaptation responses have multiple benefits (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''), yet evidence of effectiveness of adaptation in reducing climate risks is not clear due to methodological challenges (''' '''''medium confidence''''' '''). {4.6, 4.7.1, 4.7.3}''' ======

Laura: /* Water-related risks are projected to increase with every degree of global warming ( high confidence ), and more vulnerable and exposed regions and peoples are projected to face greater risks ( medium confidence ). {Box 4.1, 4.4.1, 4.4.1.1, 4.4.4, 4.5.4, 4.5.5, 4.5.6, Box 4.2} */

2026-05-18T05:47:40Z

Water-related risks are projected to increase with every degree of global warming ( high confidence ), and more vulnerable and exposed regions and peoples are projected to face greater risks ( medium confidence ). {Box 4.1, 4.4.1, 4.4.1.1, 4.4.4, 4.5.4, 4.5.5, 4.5.6, Box 4.2}

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	<span id="water-related-risks-are-projected-to-increase-with-every-degree-of-global-warming-high-confidence-and-more-vulnerable-and-exposed-regions-and-peoples-are-projected-to-face-greater-risks-medium-confidence-.-box-4.1-4.4.1-4.4.1.1-4.4.4-4.5.4-4.5.5-4.5.6-box-4.2"></span>		<span id="water-related-risks-are-projected-to-increase-with-every-degree-of-global-warming-high-confidence-and-more-vulnerable-and-exposed-regions-and-peoples-are-projected-to-face-greater-risks-medium-confidence-.-box-4.1-4.4.1-4.4.1.1-4.4.4-4.5.4-4.5.5-4.5.6-box-4.2"></span>

	~~======~~ '''Water-related risks are projected to increase with every degree of global warming (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''), and more vulnerable and exposed regions and peoples are projected to face greater risks (''' '''''medium confidence''''' '''). {Box 4.1, 4.4.1, 4.4.1.1, 4.4.4, 4.5.4, 4.5.5, 4.5.6, Box 4.2}''' ~~======~~		'''Water-related risks are projected to increase with every degree of global warming (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''), and more vulnerable and exposed regions and peoples are projected to face greater risks (''' '''''medium confidence''''' '''). {Box 4.1, 4.4.1, 4.4.1.1, 4.4.4, 4.5.4, 4.5.5, 4.5.6, Box 4.2}'''

	<div id="h4-4-siblings" class="h4-siblings"></div>		<div id="h4-4-siblings" class="h4-siblings"></div>

Laura: /* Drought and flood risks and societal damages are projected to increase with every degree of global warming ( medium confidence ). {4.4.4, 4.4.5, 4.4.7, 4.5.1, 4.5.2} */

2026-05-18T05:47:30Z

Drought and flood risks and societal damages are projected to increase with every degree of global warming ( medium confidence ). {4.4.4, 4.4.5, 4.4.7, 4.5.1, 4.5.2}

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	<span id="drought-and-flood-risks-and-societal-damages-are-projected-to-increase-with-every-degree-of-global-warming-medium-confidence-.-4.4.4-4.4.5-4.4.7-4.5.1-4.5.2"></span>		<span id="drought-and-flood-risks-and-societal-damages-are-projected-to-increase-with-every-degree-of-global-warming-medium-confidence-.-4.4.4-4.4.5-4.4.7-4.5.1-4.5.2"></span>
	~~======~~ '''Drought and flood risks and societal damages are projected to increase with every degree of global warming (''' '''''medium confidence''''' '''). {4.4.4, 4.4.5, 4.4.7, 4.5.1, 4.5.2}''' ~~======~~		'''Drought and flood risks and societal damages are projected to increase with every degree of global warming (''' '''''medium confidence''''' '''). {4.4.4, 4.4.5, 4.4.7, 4.5.1, 4.5.2}'''

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	<span id="limiting-global-warming-to-1.5c-would-reduce-water-related-risks-across-regions-and-sectors-high-confidence-.-4.4.2-4.4.5-4.5.2-4.5.3-4.5.4-4.5.6-4.5.7-4.6.1-4.7.2"></span>		<span id="limiting-global-warming-to-1.5c-would-reduce-water-related-risks-across-regions-and-sectors-high-confidence-.-4.4.2-4.4.5-4.5.2-4.5.3-4.5.4-4.5.6-4.5.7-4.6.1-4.7.2"></span>

	====== '''Limiting global warming to 1.5°C would reduce water-related risks across regions and sectors (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). {4.4.2, 4.4.5, 4.5.2, 4.5.3, 4.5.4, 4.5.6, 4.5.7, 4.6.1, 4.7.2}''' ======		====== '''Limiting global warming to 1.5°C would reduce water-related risks across regions and sectors (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). {4.4.2, 4.4.5, 4.5.2, 4.5.3, 4.5.4, 4.5.6, 4.5.7, 4.6.1, 4.7.2}''' ======

Laura: /* There is increasing evidence of observed changes in the hydrological cycle on people and ecosystems. A significant share of those impacts are negative and felt disproportionately by already vulnerable communities ( high confidence ). {4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.3, 4.3.4, 4.3.5, 4.3.6, 4.3.8} */

2026-05-18T05:47:19Z

There is increasing evidence of observed changes in the hydrological cycle on people and ecosystems. A significant share of those impacts are negative and felt disproportionately by already vulnerable communities ( high confidence ). {4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.3, 4.3.4, 4.3.5, 4.3.6, 4.3.8}

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	<span id="there-is-increasing-evidence-of-observed-changes-in-the-hydrological-cycle-on-people-and-ecosystems.-a-significant-share-of-those-impacts-are-negative-and-felt-disproportionately-by-already-vulnerable-communities-high-confidence-.-4.3.1-4.3.2-4.3.3-4.3.4-4.3.5-4.3.6-4.3.8"></span>		<span id="there-is-increasing-evidence-of-observed-changes-in-the-hydrological-cycle-on-people-and-ecosystems.-a-significant-share-of-those-impacts-are-negative-and-felt-disproportionately-by-already-vulnerable-communities-high-confidence-.-4.3.1-4.3.2-4.3.3-4.3.4-4.3.5-4.3.6-4.3.8"></span>

	~~======~~ '''There is increasing evidence of observed changes in the hydrological cycle on people and ecosystems. A significant share of those impacts are negative and felt disproportionately by already vulnerable communities (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). {4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.3, 4.3.4, 4.3.5, 4.3.6, 4.3.8}''' ~~======~~		'''There is increasing evidence of observed changes in the hydrological cycle on people and ecosystems. A significant share of those impacts are negative and felt disproportionately by already vulnerable communities (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). {4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.3, 4.3.4, 4.3.5, 4.3.6, 4.3.8}'''

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	<span id="water-related-risks-are-projected-to-increase-with-every-degree-of-global-warming-high-confidence-and-more-vulnerable-and-exposed-regions-and-peoples-are-projected-to-face-greater-risks-medium-confidence-.-box-4.1-4.4.1-4.4.1.1-4.4.4-4.5.4-4.5.5-4.5.6-box-4.2"></span>		<span id="water-related-risks-are-projected-to-increase-with-every-degree-of-global-warming-high-confidence-and-more-vulnerable-and-exposed-regions-and-peoples-are-projected-to-face-greater-risks-medium-confidence-.-box-4.1-4.4.1-4.4.1.1-4.4.4-4.5.4-4.5.5-4.5.6-box-4.2"></span>

	====== '''Water-related risks are projected to increase with every degree of global warming (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''), and more vulnerable and exposed regions and peoples are projected to face greater risks (''' '''''medium confidence''''' '''). {Box 4.1, 4.4.1, 4.4.1.1, 4.4.4, 4.5.4, 4.5.5, 4.5.6, Box 4.2}''' ======		====== '''Water-related risks are projected to increase with every degree of global warming (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''), and more vulnerable and exposed regions and peoples are projected to face greater risks (''' '''''medium confidence''''' '''). {Box 4.1, 4.4.1, 4.4.1.1, 4.4.4, 4.5.4, 4.5.5, 4.5.6, Box 4.2}''' ======