IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-16 - Revision history

Laura at 08:56, 22 May 2026

2026-05-22T08:56:58Z

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			{{ChapterNavigation
			\| cover = Cover-WGIII.jpg
			\| reporturl = IPCC:AR6/WGIII
			\| reporttitle = WGIII
			\| prevurl = IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-15
			\| nexturl = IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-17
			}}

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Laura: Laura moved page IPCC:Wg3:Chapter:Chapter-16 to IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-16 without leaving a redirect

2026-05-18T18:31:35Z

Laura moved page IPCC:Wg3:Chapter:Chapter-16 to IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-16 without leaving a redirect

← Older revision	Revision as of 18:31, 18 May 2026
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Laura: #119

2026-05-18T06:08:54Z

#119

Laura: /* Chapter 16: Innovation, technology development and transfer */

2026-05-13T14:34:07Z

Chapter 16: Innovation, technology development and transfer

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:34, 13 May 2026
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	<div id="chapter-authors"></div>		<div id="chapter-authors"></div>

	Coordinating Lead Authors:		'''Coordinating Lead Authors:'''

	Gabriel Blanco (Argentina), Heleen de Coninck (the Netherlands)		Gabriel Blanco (Argentina), Heleen de Coninck (the Netherlands)

	Lead Authors:		'''Lead Authors:'''

	Lawrence Agbemabiese (Ghana/the United States of America), El Hadji Mbaye Diagne (Senegal), Laura Diaz Anadon (Spain/United Kingdom), Yun Seng Lim (Malaysia), Walter Alberto Pengue (Argentina), Ambuj D. Sagar (India), Taishi Sugiyama (Japan), Kenji Tanaka (Japan),Elena Verdolini (Italy), Jan Witajewski-Baltvilks (Poland)		Lawrence Agbemabiese (Ghana/the United States of America), El Hadji Mbaye Diagne (Senegal), Laura Diaz Anadon (Spain/United Kingdom), Yun Seng Lim (Malaysia), Walter Alberto Pengue (Argentina), Ambuj D. Sagar (India), Taishi Sugiyama (Japan), Kenji Tanaka (Japan),Elena Verdolini (Italy), Jan Witajewski-Baltvilks (Poland)

	Contributing Authors:		'''Contributing Authors:'''

	Maarten van Aalst (the Netherlands), Lara Aleluia Reis (Portugal), Mustafa Babiker (Sudan/Saudi Arabia), Xuemei Bai (Australia), Rudi Bekkers (the Netherlands), Paolo Bertoldi (Italy), Sara Burch (Canada), Luisa F. Cabeza (Spain), Clara Caiafa (Brazil/the Netherlands), Brett Cohen (South Africa), Felix Creutzig (Germany), Renée van Diemen (the Netherlands/United Kingdom), María Josefina Figueroa Meza (Venezuela/Denmark), Clara Galeazzi (Argentina), Frank Geels (United Kingdom/the Netherlands), Michael Grubb (United Kingdom), Kirsten Halsnæs (Denmark), Joni Jupesta (Indonesia/Japan), Şiir Kilkiş (Turkey), Michael König (Germany), Jonathan Köhler (Germany), Abhishek Malhotra (India), Eric Masanet (the United States of America), William McDowall (United Kingdom), Nikola Milojevic-Dupont (France), Catherine Mitchell (United Kingdom), Gregory F. Nemet (the United States of America/Canada), Lars J. Nilsson (Sweden), Anthony Patt (Switzerland), Patricia Perkins (Canada), Joyashree Roy (India/Thailand), Karolina Safarzynska (Poland), Yamina Saheb (France/Algeria), Ayyoob Sharifi (Iran/Japan), Kavita Surana (India), Harald Winkler (South Africa)		Maarten van Aalst (the Netherlands), Lara Aleluia Reis (Portugal), Mustafa Babiker (Sudan/Saudi Arabia), Xuemei Bai (Australia), Rudi Bekkers (the Netherlands), Paolo Bertoldi (Italy), Sara Burch (Canada), Luisa F. Cabeza (Spain), Clara Caiafa (Brazil/the Netherlands), Brett Cohen (South Africa), Felix Creutzig (Germany), Renée van Diemen (the Netherlands/United Kingdom), María Josefina Figueroa Meza (Venezuela/Denmark), Clara Galeazzi (Argentina), Frank Geels (United Kingdom/the Netherlands), Michael Grubb (United Kingdom), Kirsten Halsnæs (Denmark), Joni Jupesta (Indonesia/Japan), Şiir Kilkiş (Turkey), Michael König (Germany), Jonathan Köhler (Germany), Abhishek Malhotra (India), Eric Masanet (the United States of America), William McDowall (United Kingdom), Nikola Milojevic-Dupont (France), Catherine Mitchell (United Kingdom), Gregory F. Nemet (the United States of America/Canada), Lars J. Nilsson (Sweden), Anthony Patt (Switzerland), Patricia Perkins (Canada), Joyashree Roy (India/Thailand), Karolina Safarzynska (Poland), Yamina Saheb (France/Algeria), Ayyoob Sharifi (Iran/Japan), Kavita Surana (India), Harald Winkler (South Africa)

	Review Editors:		'''Review Editors:'''

	Nagmeldin Mahmoud (Sudan), Emi Mizuno (Japan)		Nagmeldin Mahmoud (Sudan), Emi Mizuno (Japan)

	Chapter Scientists:		'''Chapter Scientists:'''

	Muneki Adachi (Japan), Clara Caiafa (Brazil/the Netherlands), Daniela Keesler (Argentina), Eriko Kiriyama (Japan)		Muneki Adachi (Japan), Clara Caiafa (Brazil/the Netherlands), Daniela Keesler (Argentina), Eriko Kiriyama (Japan)
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	<div id="chapter-citation"></div>		<div id="chapter-citation"></div>

	This chapter should be cited as:		'''This chapter should be cited as:'''

	Blanco, G., H. de Coninck, L. Agbemabiese, E. H. Mbaye Diagne, L. Diaz Anadon, Y. S. Lim, W.A. Pengue, A.D. Sagar, T. Sugiyama, K. Tanaka, E. Verdolini, J. Witajewski-Baltvilks, 2022: Innovation, technology development and transfer. In IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.018		Blanco, G., H. de Coninck, L. Agbemabiese, E. H. Mbaye Diagne, L. Diaz Anadon, Y. S. Lim, W.A. Pengue, A.D. Sagar, T. Sugiyama, K. Tanaka, E. Verdolini, J. Witajewski-Baltvilks, 2022: Innovation, technology development and transfer. In IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.018

imported>Design: /* Box 16.10 | Agroecological Approaches: The Role of Local and Indigenous Knowledge and Innovation */

2026-05-11T09:17:50Z

Box 16.10 | Agroecological Approaches: The Role of Local and Indigenous Knowledge and Innovation

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	'''Direct impacts emerge because digital technologies consume large amounts of energy, but also have the potential to steeply increase energy efficiency in all end-use sectors through material input savings and increased coordination (''' medium evidence ''',''' medium agreement ''')''' ( [[#Horner--2016\|Horner et al. 2016]] ; [[#Huang--2016\|Huang et al. 2016]] ; [[#IEA--2017b\|IEA 2017b]] ; [[#Jones--2018\|Jones 2018]] ). Global energy demand from digital appliances reached 7.14 EJ in 2018 (Chapter 9, Box 9.5), implying higher related carbon emissions. However, a small smartphone offers services previously requiring many different devices ( [[#Grubler--2018\|Grubler et al. 2018]] ). Demand for data services is increasing rapidly; quantitative estimates of the growth of associated energy demand range from slow and marginal to rapid and sizeable, depending the efficiency trends of digital technologies ( [[#Avgerinou--2017\|Avgerinou et al. 2017]] ; [[#Vranken--2017\|Vranken 2017]] ; [[#Stoll--2019\|Stoll et al. 2019]] ; [[#Masanet--2020\|Masanet et al. 2020]] ) ( [[IPCC:Wg3:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.3.4.1\|Section 5.3.4.1]] ). Renewable energy can serve as a low-carbon energy provider for the operation of a data centre, which in turn can provide waste heat for other purposes. Digital technologies can markedly increase the energy efficiency of mobility and residential and public buildings, especially in the context of systems integration ( [[#IEA--2020a\|IEA 2020a]] ). Reduction in energy demand and associated GHG emissions from buildings and industry, while maintaining service levels is estimated at 5 to 10%, with larger savings possible. Approaches include building energy management systems (BEMS), home energy management system (HEMS), demand response and smart charging (Cross-Chapter Box 11, Table 1). Data centres can also play a role in energy system management, for example, by increasing renewable energy generation through predictive control ( [[#Dabbagh--2019\|Dabbagh et al. 2019]] ), and by helping to drive the market for battery storage and fuel cells ( [[#Riekstin--2014\|Riekstin et al. 2014]] ). Temporal and spatial scheduling of electricity demand can provide about 10 GW in demand response in the European electricity system in 2030 ( [[#Wahlroos--2017\|Wahlroos et al. 2017]] , 2018; [[#Koronen--2020\|Koronen et al. 2020]] ; [[#Laine--2020\|Laine et al. 2020]] ).		'''Direct impacts emerge because digital technologies consume large amounts of energy, but also have the potential to steeply increase energy efficiency in all end-use sectors through material input savings and increased coordination (''' medium evidence ''',''' medium agreement ''')''' ( [[#Horner--2016\|Horner et al. 2016]] ; [[#Huang--2016\|Huang et al. 2016]] ; [[#IEA--2017b\|IEA 2017b]] ; [[#Jones--2018\|Jones 2018]] ). Global energy demand from digital appliances reached 7.14 EJ in 2018 (Chapter 9, Box 9.5), implying higher related carbon emissions. However, a small smartphone offers services previously requiring many different devices ( [[#Grubler--2018\|Grubler et al. 2018]] ). Demand for data services is increasing rapidly; quantitative estimates of the growth of associated energy demand range from slow and marginal to rapid and sizeable, depending the efficiency trends of digital technologies ( [[#Avgerinou--2017\|Avgerinou et al. 2017]] ; [[#Vranken--2017\|Vranken 2017]] ; [[#Stoll--2019\|Stoll et al. 2019]] ; [[#Masanet--2020\|Masanet et al. 2020]] ) ( [[IPCC:Wg3:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.3.4.1\|Section 5.3.4.1]] ). Renewable energy can serve as a low-carbon energy provider for the operation of a data centre, which in turn can provide waste heat for other purposes. Digital technologies can markedly increase the energy efficiency of mobility and residential and public buildings, especially in the context of systems integration ( [[#IEA--2020a\|IEA 2020a]] ). Reduction in energy demand and associated GHG emissions from buildings and industry, while maintaining service levels is estimated at 5 to 10%, with larger savings possible. Approaches include building energy management systems (BEMS), home energy management system (HEMS), demand response and smart charging (Cross-Chapter Box 11, Table 1). Data centres can also play a role in energy system management, for example, by increasing renewable energy generation through predictive control ( [[#Dabbagh--2019\|Dabbagh et al. 2019]] ), and by helping to drive the market for battery storage and fuel cells ( [[#Riekstin--2014\|Riekstin et al. 2014]] ). Temporal and spatial scheduling of electricity demand can provide about 10 GW in demand response in the European electricity system in 2030 ( [[#Wahlroos--2017\|Wahlroos et al. 2017]] , 2018; [[#Koronen--2020\|Koronen et al. 2020]] ; [[#Laine--2020\|Laine et al. 2020]] ).

	~~'''~~'''Cross-Chapter Box 11, Table 1 \| Selected sector approaches for reducing GHG emissions that are supported by new digital technologies.~~'''~~''' '''Contributions of digitalisation include a) supporting role (+), b) necessary role in mix of tools (++), c) necessary unique contribution (+++), but digitalisation may also increase emissions (−).''' (Chapters 5, 8, 9 and 11).		'''Cross-Chapter Box 11, Table 1 \| Selected sector approaches for reducing GHG emissions that are supported by new digital technologies.''' '''Contributions of digitalisation include a) supporting role (+), b) necessary role in mix of tools (++), c) necessary unique contribution (+++), but digitalisation may also increase emissions (−).''' (Chapters 5, 8, 9 and 11).

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	[[File:20c1ac75e6f0db982e51b92df5c50095 IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Box_16_1_Figure_1.png]]		[[File:20c1ac75e6f0db982e51b92df5c50095 IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Box_16_1_Figure_1.png]]

	~~'''~~'''Box 16.1, Figure 1 \| Global technology cost and deployment in two groups of AR6 scenarios: (i) scenarios that limit warming to 3°C (>50%) and scenarios that limit warming to 4°C (>50%) (“Reference and current policies”), and (ii) scenarios that limit warming to 2°C (>67%) or lower (“2°C and 1~~'''''' '''~~.~~''' '''~~5°C”).''' Panel ''(a)'' Current capital costs are sourced from Table 1 ( [[#Timilsina--2020\|Timilsina 2020]] ); distribution of capital costs in 2030 and 2050 (AR6 Scenarios Database). Blue symbols represent the mean. ‘Current’ capital costs for coal and gas plants with CCS are not available; Panel ''(b)'' Total installed capacity in 2019 ( [[#IEA--2020c\|IEA 2020c]] ; [[#IRENA--2020a\|IRENA 2020a]] , b); distribution of total installed capacity in 2030 and 2050 (AR6 Scenario Database). Blue symbols represent the mean; Panel ''(c)'' Percentage of change in capital costs and installed capacity between (2010–2020) and percentage of median change (2020–2030 and 2020–2050) (Median year –Median 2020 )/Median 2020 *100. ‘M’ indicates the number of models, ‘S’ the number of scenarios for which this data is available. ‘Reference and current policies’ are scenarios that limit warming to 3°C (>50%) and scenarios that limit warming to 4°C (>50%) (C6 and C7 AR6 scenario categories). ‘2C and 1.5C’ are scenarios that limit warming to 2°C (>67%) or lower (C1, C2 and C3 AR6 scenario categories). Each model may have submitted data for more than one model version.		'''Box 16.1, Figure 1 \| Global technology cost and deployment in two groups of AR6 scenarios: (i) scenarios that limit warming to 3°C (>50%) and scenarios that limit warming to 4°C (>50%) (“Reference and current policies”), and (ii) scenarios that limit warming to 2°C (>67%) or lower (“2°C and 1.5°C”).''' Panel ''(a)'' Current capital costs are sourced from Table 1 ( [[#Timilsina--2020\|Timilsina 2020]] ); distribution of capital costs in 2030 and 2050 (AR6 Scenarios Database). Blue symbols represent the mean. ‘Current’ capital costs for coal and gas plants with CCS are not available; Panel ''(b)'' Total installed capacity in 2019 ( [[#IEA--2020c\|IEA 2020c]] ; [[#IRENA--2020a\|IRENA 2020a]] , b); distribution of total installed capacity in 2030 and 2050 (AR6 Scenario Database). Blue symbols represent the mean; Panel ''(c)'' Percentage of change in capital costs and installed capacity between (2010–2020) and percentage of median change (2020–2030 and 2020–2050) (Median year –Median 2020 )/Median 2020 *100. ‘M’ indicates the number of models, ‘S’ the number of scenarios for which this data is available. ‘Reference and current policies’ are scenarios that limit warming to 3°C (>50%) and scenarios that limit warming to 4°C (>50%) (C6 and C7 AR6 scenario categories). ‘2C and 1.5C’ are scenarios that limit warming to 2°C (>67%) or lower (C1, C2 and C3 AR6 scenario categories). Each model may have submitted data for more than one model version.

	<div id="16.3" class="h1-container"></div>		<div id="16.3" class="h1-container"></div>
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	[[File:d517f4fada5a995c2679f43744e2e4ef IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Box_16_3_Figure_1.png]]		[[File:d517f4fada5a995c2679f43744e2e4ef IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Box_16_3_Figure_1.png]]

	~~'''~~'''Box 16.3, Figure 1 \| Fraction of public energy RD&D spending by technology over time for IEA (largely OECD) countries between 1974 and 2018.~~'''~~''' Sources: RD&D Database (2019), IEA (2019) (extracted on November 11, 2020).		'''Box 16.3, Figure 1 \| Fraction of public energy RD&D spending by technology over time for IEA (largely OECD) countries between 1974 and 2018.''' Sources: RD&D Database (2019), IEA (2019) (extracted on November 11, 2020).

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	~~'''~~'''Box 16.4, Figure 1 \| Milestones in the development of low-cost solar photovoltaics.~~''''''~~ Source ~~'''~~:''' [[#Nemet--2019\|Nemet (2019)]] .		'''Box 16.4, Figure 1 \| Milestones in the development of low-cost solar photovoltaics. Source :''' [[#Nemet--2019\|Nemet (2019)]] .

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	[[File:c0ced309a8d4345abbbfdd33722426cb IPCC_AR6_WGIII_CCBox_12_Figure_1.png]]		[[File:c0ced309a8d4345abbbfdd33722426cb IPCC_AR6_WGIII_CCBox_12_Figure_1.png]]

	~~'''~~'''Cross-Chapter Box 12, Figure 1 \| Stages of socio-technical ~~transi'''''' ''''''tion~~ processes.~~'''~~'''		'''Cross-Chapter Box 12, Figure 1 \| Stages of socio-technical transition processes.'''

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