IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-8 - Revision history

Laura at 08:55, 22 May 2026

2026-05-22T08:55:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:55, 22 May 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{ChapterNavigation
			\| cover = Cover-WGIII.jpg
			\| reporturl = IPCC:AR6/WGIII
			\| reporttitle = WGIII
			\| prevurl = IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-7
			\| nexturl = IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-9
			}}

	<div id="___gatsby"></div>		<div id="___gatsby"></div>

Laura: Laura moved page IPCC:Wg3:Chapter:Chapter-8 to IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-8 without leaving a redirect

2026-05-18T18:33:18Z

Laura moved page IPCC:Wg3:Chapter:Chapter-8 to IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-8 without leaving a redirect

← Older revision	Revision as of 18:33, 18 May 2026
(No difference)

Laura: #119

2026-05-18T06:20:41Z

#119

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:20, 18 May 2026
Line 1,207:		Line 1,207:
	[[File:be07ee82a2555dd5d2b39e1f2e66fe58 IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Box_8_1_Figure_1.png]]		[[File:be07ee82a2555dd5d2b39e1f2e66fe58 IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Box_8_1_Figure_1.png]]

	~~'''~~'''Box 8.2, Figure 1: Estimates for carbon storage in natural area forests in New York City.~~'''~~''' '''(a)''' Mean estimated carbon stock per hectare in natural area forests ( [[#Pregitzer--2019a\|Pregitzer et al. 2019a]] , 2021); '''(b)''' estimates for carbon stocks vary based on vegetation types; and '''(c)''' estimates of the amount of carbon stock in different forest pools per hectare. The proportion of the total estimated carbon stock per pool is out of the total estimated for the entire city (1.86 TgC). Source: adapted from [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. (2021)]] .		'''Box 8.2, Figure 1: Estimates for carbon storage in natural area forests in New York City.''' '''(a)''' Mean estimated carbon stock per hectare in natural area forests ( [[#Pregitzer--2019a\|Pregitzer et al. 2019a]] , 2021); '''(b)''' estimates for carbon stocks vary based on vegetation types; and '''(c)''' estimates of the amount of carbon stock in different forest pools per hectare. The proportion of the total estimated carbon stock per pool is out of the total estimated for the entire city (1.86 TgC). Source: adapted from [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. (2021)]] .

	Urban forested natural areas have unique benefits as they can provide habitat for native plants and animals, protecting local biodiversity in a fragmented landscape ( [[#Di%20Giulio--2009\|Di Giulio et al. 2009]] ). Forests can have a greater cooling effect on cities than designed greenspaces, and the bigger the forest the greater the effect ( [[#Jaganmohan--2016\|Jaganmohan et al. 2016]] ). In New York City, urban forested natural areas have been found to account for the majority of trees estimated in the city (69%), but are a minority of the total tree canopy (25%, or 5.5% of the total city land area) ( [[#Pregitzer--2019a\|Pregitzer et al. 2019a]] ). In New York City, natural areas are estimated to store a mean of 263.5 MgC ha –1 (megagram carbon per hectare), adding up to 1.86 TgC (teragram carbon) across the city, with the majority of carbon (86%) being stored in the trees and soils ( [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. 2021]] ). These estimates are similar to per-hectare estimates of carbon storage across different pools in non-urban forest types (Table 1), and 1.5 times greater than estimates for carbon stored in just trees across the entire city ( [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. 2021]] ).		Urban forested natural areas have unique benefits as they can provide habitat for native plants and animals, protecting local biodiversity in a fragmented landscape ( [[#Di%20Giulio--2009\|Di Giulio et al. 2009]] ). Forests can have a greater cooling effect on cities than designed greenspaces, and the bigger the forest the greater the effect ( [[#Jaganmohan--2016\|Jaganmohan et al. 2016]] ). In New York City, urban forested natural areas have been found to account for the majority of trees estimated in the city (69%), but are a minority of the total tree canopy (25%, or 5.5% of the total city land area) ( [[#Pregitzer--2019a\|Pregitzer et al. 2019a]] ). In New York City, natural areas are estimated to store a mean of 263.5 MgC ha –1 (megagram carbon per hectare), adding up to 1.86 TgC (teragram carbon) across the city, with the majority of carbon (86%) being stored in the trees and soils ( [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. 2021]] ). These estimates are similar to per-hectare estimates of carbon storage across different pools in non-urban forest types (Table 1), and 1.5 times greater than estimates for carbon stored in just trees across the entire city ( [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. 2021]] ).
Line 1,221:		Line 1,221:
	Despite this potential, natural areas are inherently a minority land-use type in cities and should be viewed along with other types of urban tree canopy that occur in more designed environments that might out-perform natural areas in other ecosystem services. The mosaic of vegetation characteristics and growing conditions will yield different ecosystem services across cities ( [[#Pataki--2011\|Pataki et al. 2011]] ) and should be an important consideration in planning, management, and policy in the future.		Despite this potential, natural areas are inherently a minority land-use type in cities and should be viewed along with other types of urban tree canopy that occur in more designed environments that might out-perform natural areas in other ecosystem services. The mosaic of vegetation characteristics and growing conditions will yield different ecosystem services across cities ( [[#Pataki--2011\|Pataki et al. 2011]] ) and should be an important consideration in planning, management, and policy in the future.

	~~'''~~'''Box 8.2, Table 1: A selection of benchmark reference estimates of different carbon pools sampled and the related urban considerations to contextualise the results from New York City (NYC), United States (USA) natural area carbon stocks.~~'''~~''' The benchmark estimates are intended to provide a point of reference to help contextualise the calculations for carbon pools in NYC’s forests. Forest carbon is highly variable and dependent on microclimatic conditions such as moisture, microbial communities, and nutrient availability, all of which can be impacted by human activity in urban or altered environments. Standard errors and 95% confidence intervals can be found in [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. (2021)]] . DBH: diameter at breast height; DWM: down woody material; CWM: coarse woody material and FWM: fine woody material. Source: [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. (2021)]] .		'''Box 8.2, Table 1: A selection of benchmark reference estimates of different carbon pools sampled and the related urban considerations to contextualise the results from New York City (NYC), United States (USA) natural area carbon stocks.''' The benchmark estimates are intended to provide a point of reference to help contextualise the calculations for carbon pools in NYC’s forests. Forest carbon is highly variable and dependent on microclimatic conditions such as moisture, microbial communities, and nutrient availability, all of which can be impacted by human activity in urban or altered environments. Standard errors and 95% confidence intervals can be found in [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. (2021)]] . DBH: diameter at breast height; DWM: down woody material; CWM: coarse woody material and FWM: fine woody material. Source: [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. (2021)]] .

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

Laura: /* Chapter 8: Urban systems and other settlements */

2026-05-13T14:42:33Z

Chapter 8: Urban systems and other settlements

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:42, 13 May 2026
Line 8:		Line 8:
	<div id="chapter-authors"></div>		<div id="chapter-authors"></div>

	Coordinating Lead Authors:		'''Coordinating Lead Authors:'''

	Shuaib Lwasa (Uganda), Karen C. Seto (the United States of America)		Shuaib Lwasa (Uganda), Karen C. Seto (the United States of America)

	Lead Authors:		'''Lead Authors:'''

	Xuemei Bai (Australia), Hilda Blanco (the United States of America), Kevin R. Gurney (the United States of America), Şiir Kılkış (Turkey), Oswaldo Lucon (Brazil), Jin Murakami (Japan), Jiahua Pan (China), Ayyoob Sharifi (Japan/Iran), Yoshiki Yamagata (Japan)		Xuemei Bai (Australia), Hilda Blanco (the United States of America), Kevin R. Gurney (the United States of America), Şiir Kılkış (Turkey), Oswaldo Lucon (Brazil), Jin Murakami (Japan), Jiahua Pan (China), Ayyoob Sharifi (Japan/Iran), Yoshiki Yamagata (Japan)

	Contributing Authors:		'''Contributing Authors:'''

	Vanesa Castán Broto (United Kingdom/Spain), Winston Chow (Singapore), Galina Churkina (the Russian Federation/Germany), Felix Creutzig (Germany), David Dodman (Jamaica/United Kingdom), Burak Güneralp (Turkey/the United States of America), Rafiq Hamdi (Belgium), Bronwyn Hayward (New Zealand), Angel Hsu (the United States of America/Singapore), Lucy Hutyra (the United States of America), Nadja Kabisch (Germany), Meredith Keller (the United States of America), Timon McPhearson (the United States of America), Peter Newman (Australia), David Nowak (the United States of America), Alan Organschi (the United States of America), Minal Pathak (India), Mark Pelling (United Kingdom), Clara Pregitzer (the United States of America), Anu Ramaswami (the United States of America), Mia Reback (the United States of America), Diana Reckien (Germany), Jen Shin (the United States of America), Michael Westphal (the United States of America), Lee White (Australia)		Vanesa Castán Broto (United Kingdom/Spain), Winston Chow (Singapore), Galina Churkina (the Russian Federation/Germany), Felix Creutzig (Germany), David Dodman (Jamaica/United Kingdom), Burak Güneralp (Turkey/the United States of America), Rafiq Hamdi (Belgium), Bronwyn Hayward (New Zealand), Angel Hsu (the United States of America/Singapore), Lucy Hutyra (the United States of America), Nadja Kabisch (Germany), Meredith Keller (the United States of America), Timon McPhearson (the United States of America), Peter Newman (Australia), David Nowak (the United States of America), Alan Organschi (the United States of America), Minal Pathak (India), Mark Pelling (United Kingdom), Clara Pregitzer (the United States of America), Anu Ramaswami (the United States of America), Mia Reback (the United States of America), Diana Reckien (Germany), Jen Shin (the United States of America), Michael Westphal (the United States of America), Lee White (Australia)

	Review Editors:		'''Review Editors:'''

	Carolina Burle Schmidt Dubeux (Brazil), Diana Ürge-Vorsatz (Hungary)		Carolina Burle Schmidt Dubeux (Brazil), Diana Ürge-Vorsatz (Hungary)

	Chapter Scientists:		'''Chapter Scientists:'''

	Meredith Keller (the United States of America), Enock Ssekuubwa (Uganda)		Meredith Keller (the United States of America), Enock Ssekuubwa (Uganda)
Line 30:		Line 30:
	<div id="chapter-citation"></div>		<div id="chapter-citation"></div>

	This chapter should be cited as:		'''This chapter should be cited as:'''

	Lwasa, S., K.C. Seto, X. Bai, H. Blanco, K.R. Gurney, Ş. Kılkış, O. Lucon, J. Murakami, J. Pan, A. Sharifi, Y. Yamagata, 2022: Urban systems and other settlements. In IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.010		Lwasa, S., K.C. Seto, X. Bai, H. Blanco, K.R. Gurney, Ş. Kılkış, O. Lucon, J. Murakami, J. Pan, A. Sharifi, Y. Yamagata, 2022: Urban systems and other settlements. In IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.010

imported>Design: /* References */

2026-05-11T09:42:49Z

References

Show changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:20, 18 May 2026
Line 1,207:		Line 1,207:
	[[File:be07ee82a2555dd5d2b39e1f2e66fe58 IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Box_8_1_Figure_1.png]]		[[File:be07ee82a2555dd5d2b39e1f2e66fe58 IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Box_8_1_Figure_1.png]]

	~~'''~~'''Box 8.2, Figure 1: Estimates for carbon storage in natural area forests in New York City.~~'''~~''' '''(a)''' Mean estimated carbon stock per hectare in natural area forests ( [[#Pregitzer--2019a\|Pregitzer et al. 2019a]] , 2021); '''(b)''' estimates for carbon stocks vary based on vegetation types; and '''(c)''' estimates of the amount of carbon stock in different forest pools per hectare. The proportion of the total estimated carbon stock per pool is out of the total estimated for the entire city (1.86 TgC). Source: adapted from [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. (2021)]] .		'''Box 8.2, Figure 1: Estimates for carbon storage in natural area forests in New York City.''' '''(a)''' Mean estimated carbon stock per hectare in natural area forests ( [[#Pregitzer--2019a\|Pregitzer et al. 2019a]] , 2021); '''(b)''' estimates for carbon stocks vary based on vegetation types; and '''(c)''' estimates of the amount of carbon stock in different forest pools per hectare. The proportion of the total estimated carbon stock per pool is out of the total estimated for the entire city (1.86 TgC). Source: adapted from [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. (2021)]] .

	Urban forested natural areas have unique benefits as they can provide habitat for native plants and animals, protecting local biodiversity in a fragmented landscape ( [[#Di%20Giulio--2009\|Di Giulio et al. 2009]] ). Forests can have a greater cooling effect on cities than designed greenspaces, and the bigger the forest the greater the effect ( [[#Jaganmohan--2016\|Jaganmohan et al. 2016]] ). In New York City, urban forested natural areas have been found to account for the majority of trees estimated in the city (69%), but are a minority of the total tree canopy (25%, or 5.5% of the total city land area) ( [[#Pregitzer--2019a\|Pregitzer et al. 2019a]] ). In New York City, natural areas are estimated to store a mean of 263.5 MgC ha –1 (megagram carbon per hectare), adding up to 1.86 TgC (teragram carbon) across the city, with the majority of carbon (86%) being stored in the trees and soils ( [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. 2021]] ). These estimates are similar to per-hectare estimates of carbon storage across different pools in non-urban forest types (Table 1), and 1.5 times greater than estimates for carbon stored in just trees across the entire city ( [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. 2021]] ).		Urban forested natural areas have unique benefits as they can provide habitat for native plants and animals, protecting local biodiversity in a fragmented landscape ( [[#Di%20Giulio--2009\|Di Giulio et al. 2009]] ). Forests can have a greater cooling effect on cities than designed greenspaces, and the bigger the forest the greater the effect ( [[#Jaganmohan--2016\|Jaganmohan et al. 2016]] ). In New York City, urban forested natural areas have been found to account for the majority of trees estimated in the city (69%), but are a minority of the total tree canopy (25%, or 5.5% of the total city land area) ( [[#Pregitzer--2019a\|Pregitzer et al. 2019a]] ). In New York City, natural areas are estimated to store a mean of 263.5 MgC ha –1 (megagram carbon per hectare), adding up to 1.86 TgC (teragram carbon) across the city, with the majority of carbon (86%) being stored in the trees and soils ( [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. 2021]] ). These estimates are similar to per-hectare estimates of carbon storage across different pools in non-urban forest types (Table 1), and 1.5 times greater than estimates for carbon stored in just trees across the entire city ( [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. 2021]] ).
Line 1,221:		Line 1,221:
	Despite this potential, natural areas are inherently a minority land-use type in cities and should be viewed along with other types of urban tree canopy that occur in more designed environments that might out-perform natural areas in other ecosystem services. The mosaic of vegetation characteristics and growing conditions will yield different ecosystem services across cities ( [[#Pataki--2011\|Pataki et al. 2011]] ) and should be an important consideration in planning, management, and policy in the future.		Despite this potential, natural areas are inherently a minority land-use type in cities and should be viewed along with other types of urban tree canopy that occur in more designed environments that might out-perform natural areas in other ecosystem services. The mosaic of vegetation characteristics and growing conditions will yield different ecosystem services across cities ( [[#Pataki--2011\|Pataki et al. 2011]] ) and should be an important consideration in planning, management, and policy in the future.

	~~'''~~'''Box 8.2, Table 1: A selection of benchmark reference estimates of different carbon pools sampled and the related urban considerations to contextualise the results from New York City (NYC), United States (USA) natural area carbon stocks.~~'''~~''' The benchmark estimates are intended to provide a point of reference to help contextualise the calculations for carbon pools in NYC’s forests. Forest carbon is highly variable and dependent on microclimatic conditions such as moisture, microbial communities, and nutrient availability, all of which can be impacted by human activity in urban or altered environments. Standard errors and 95% confidence intervals can be found in [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. (2021)]] . DBH: diameter at breast height; DWM: down woody material; CWM: coarse woody material and FWM: fine woody material. Source: [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. (2021)]] .		'''Box 8.2, Table 1: A selection of benchmark reference estimates of different carbon pools sampled and the related urban considerations to contextualise the results from New York City (NYC), United States (USA) natural area carbon stocks.''' The benchmark estimates are intended to provide a point of reference to help contextualise the calculations for carbon pools in NYC’s forests. Forest carbon is highly variable and dependent on microclimatic conditions such as moisture, microbial communities, and nutrient availability, all of which can be impacted by human activity in urban or altered environments. Standard errors and 95% confidence intervals can be found in [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. (2021)]] . DBH: diameter at breast height; DWM: down woody material; CWM: coarse woody material and FWM: fine woody material. Source: [[#Pregitzer--2021\|Pregitzer et al. (2021)]] .

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"