Revision as of 05:06, 22 May 2026

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (WGI)

Report Summary

Citation Suggestion

IPCC, 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2391 pp. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.

Acronyms

Glossary Terms

Glossary terms in this report

1.5°C warmer worlds 13C 14C Ablation Abrupt change Abrupt climate change Accumulation Active layer Adaptation Adaptation options Adaptive capacity Added value Adjustments Advection Aerosol Aerosol–cloud interaction Aerosol effective radiative forcing Aerosol optical depth Aerosol–radiation interaction Afforestation Agreement Agricultural and ecological drought Air mass Air pollution Airborne fraction Albedo Alkalinity Altimetry Annular modes Anomaly Antarctic Ice Sheet Anthropocene Anthropogenic Anthropogenic emissions Anthropogenic removals Anthropogenic subsidence Apparent hydrological sensitivity Arctic oscillation Arid zone Aridity Artificial ocean upwelling Assets Atlantic Meridional Mode Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation Atlantic Multi-decadal Variability Atlantic Zonal Mode Atmosphere Atmospheric boundary layer Atmospheric rivers Attribution Australian and Maritime Continent monsoon Autotrophic respiration Avalanche Basal lubrication Baseline period Baseline/reference Baseline scenario Benthic Biodiversity Bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage Biogenic volatile organic compounds Biogeophysical potential Biological pump Biomass Biosphere Bipolar seesaw Black carbon Blocking Blue carbon Brewer–Dobson circulation Burden Business as usual CO2 equivalent emission Calcification Calving Canopy temperature Carbon–climate feedback Carbon cycle Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide fertilisation Carbon dioxide capture and storage Carbon dioxide removal Carbon feedback Carbon neutrality Carbon sequestration Carbonaceous aerosol Carbonate pump Catchment Cenozoic Era Central Pacific El Niño Chaotic Charcoal Chlorofluorocarbons Chronology Cirrus cloud thinning Clathrate Clausius–Clapeyron equation/relationship Climate Climate–carbon cycle feedback Climate change commitment Climate extreme Climate feedback Climate feedback parameter Climate forecast Climate index Climate indicator Climate information Climate metrics Climate model Climate pattern Climate prediction Climate projection Climate response Climate sensitivity Climate services Climate simulation ensemble Climate system Climate threshold Climate variability Climate velocity Climatic impact-driver Cloud condensation nuclei Cloud feedback Cloud radiative effect Cloud-resolving models Coast Cold days/cold nights Common era Compatible emissions Compound weather/climate events Concentrations scenario Confidence Constant composition commitment Constant emissions commitment Convection Coral bleaching Coral reef Cosmogenic radioisotopes Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Cryosphere Cumulative emissions Dansgaard-Oeschger events Data assimilation Dead zones Decadal predictability Decadal prediction Decadal variability Deep uncertainty Deforestation Deglacial or deglaciation or glacial termination Detection Detection and attribution Diatoms Dimensions of integration Direct air capture Direct emissions Disaster Discharge Dissolved inorganic carbon Diurnal temperature range Dobson unit Downscaling Drought Dynamic global vegetation model Dynamical system Early Eocene Climatic Optimum Earth’s energy budget Earth's energy flows Earth's energy imbalance Earth's radiative response Earth system feedbacks Earth system model Earth system model of intermediate complexity Earth system sensitivity East Asian monsoon Eastern Pacific El Niño Eastern boundary upwelling systems Economic potential Ecosystem Effective equilibrium climate sensitivity Effective radiative forcing due to aerosol–cloud interactions Effective radiative forcing due to aerosol–radiation interactions Ekman transport El Niño–Southern Oscillation Electromagnetic spectrum Elevation-dependent warming Emergence Emergent constraint Emission factor/Emissions intensity Emission pathways Emissions scenario Emulation Emulators Energy balance Energy balance model Energy budget Enhanced weathering Ensemble Equilibrium and transient climate experiment Equilibrium climate sensitivity Equilibrium line Equivalent carbon dioxide emission Eutrophication Evaporation Evapotranspiration Evidence Exposure Extended concentration pathways External forcing Extratropical cyclone Extratropical jets Extreme climate event Extreme/heavy precipitation event Extreme sea level Extreme weather event Faculae Fine-mode aerosol optical depth Fingerprint Fire weather Firn Fitness-for-purpose Flaring Flood Flux Foraminifera Forcing Forest Fossil fuel emissions Fossil fuels Free atmosphere Frozen ground General circulation General circulation model Geocentric sea level change Geoid Geostrophic winds or currents Glacial-interglacial cycles Glacial isostatic adjustment Glacial lake outburst flood /Glacier lake outburst Glacial or glaciation Glaciated Glacier Glacierized Global carbon budget Global dimming Global energy budget Global energy inventory Global mean sea level change Global mean surface air temperature Global mean surface temperature Global monsoon Global warming Global warming potential "Gravitational rotational and deformational effects" Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Greenhouse effect Greenhouse gas emission metric Greenhouse gas neutrality Greenhouse gases Greenland Ice Sheet Gross primary production Ground-level ozone Grounding line Gyre Hadley circulation Halocarbons Halocline Halosteric Halosteric sea level change Hazard Heat index Heat stress Heatwave Heavy precipitation event Heinrich event Heterotrophic respiration Hindcast or retrospective forecast Holocene Human influence on the climate system Human system Hydroclimate Hydrofluorocarbons Hydrological cycle Hydrological drought Hydrological sensitivity Hydrosphere Hypoxic Hypsometry Ice age Ice–albedo feedback Ice core Ice sheet Ice shelf Ice stream Iceberg Indian Ocean Dipole Indian Ocean basin mode Indirect land-use change Industrial revolution Insolation Instantaneous radiative forcing due to aerosol–cloud interactions Instantaneous radiative forcing due to aerosol–radiation interactions Integrated assessment model Inter-decadal Pacific Oscillation Inter-tropical Convergence Zone Interglacial or interglaciation Internal climate variability Internal variability Interpolation uncertainty Interstadial or interstade Irreversibility Isostatic or Isostasy Isotopes Key climate indicators Kriging Land Land cover Land-cover change Land surface air temperature Land use Land-use change Land water storage Lapse rate Large-scale Last millennium Latent heat flux Lifetime Light-absorbing particles Likelihood Lithosphere Livelihood Local sea level change Long-lived greenhouse gases "Low-likelihood high impact outcomes" Madden–Julian Oscillation Maladaptive actions Marine-based ice sheet Marine cloud brightening Marine heatwave Marine ice cliff instability Marine ice sheet instability Marine isotope stage Mass balance/budget Mean sea level Megacity Meltwater Pulse 1A Meridional overturning circulation Meteorological drought Methane Microclimate Microwave sounding unit Mineralization/Remineralization Mitigation Mitigation pathways Mitigation potential Mitigation scenario Model initialization Model spread Modes of climate variability Mole fraction or mixing ratio Montreal Protocol Narrative Natural systems Natural variability Near-surface permafrost Negative greenhouse gas emissions Net negative greenhouse gas emissions Net primary production Net zero CO2 emissions Net zero greenhouse gas emissions Nitrogen deposition Nitrous oxide Non-CO2 emissions and radiative forcing Non-linearity Non-methane volatile organic compounds Non-overshoot pathways North American monsoon North Atlantic Oscillation Northern Annular Mode Ocean Ocean acidification Ocean alkalinization/Ocean alkalinity enhancement Ocean carbon cycle Ocean deoxygenation Ocean dynamic sea level change Ocean fertilisation Ocean heat uptake efficiency Ocean stratification Orbital forcing Organic aerosol Outgoing longwave radiation Outlet glacier Overshoot pathways Oxygen minimum zone Ozone Ozone-depleting substances Ozone layer Ozonesonde Pacific Decadal Oscillation Pacific Decadal Variability Pacific-North American pattern Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum Paleoclimate Pathways Pattern scaling Peat Peatlands Percentile Permafrost Permafrost degradation Permafrost thaw Perturbed parameter ensemble Phenology Photosynthesis Physical climate storyline Plankton Plant evaporative stress Pleistocene Pliocene Polar amplification Pollen analysis Potential evapotranspiration Pre-industrial Precipitable water Precursors Predictability Prediction quality/skill Primary production Probability density function Process-based model Projection Proxy Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Quaternary Radiative forcing Rapid dynamical change Reanalysis Reasons for Concern Reconstruction Reference period Reference scenario Reforestation Region Regional climate messages Regional climate model Regional sea level change Relative humidity Relative sea level change Remaining carbon budget Representative Concentration Pathways Reservoir Resilience Resolution Respiration Response time or adjustment time Return period Return value Risk Risk assessment Risk framework Risk management Risk perception Risk trade-off River discharge Rock glacier Runoff Sampling uncertainty Scenario Scenario storyline Sea ice Sea ice area Sea ice concentration Sea ice extent Sea level change Sea level equivalent Sea level rise Sea surface temperature Semi-empirical model Sensible heat flux Sequestration Sequestration potential Shared socio-economic pathways Short-lived climate forcers Short-lived climate pollutants Significant wave height Simple climate model Sink Small Island Developing States Snow cover Snow cover duration Snow cover extent Snow water equivalent Socio-economic scenario Soil moisture Soil temperature Solar activity Solar cycle Solar radiation Solar radiation modification Solubility pump Source South American monsoon South Pacific Convergence Zone South and South East Asian monsoon Southern Annular Mode Specific humidity Stadial or stade Steric sea level change Storm surge Storm tracks Storyline Stratification Stratosphere Stratosphere–troposphere exchange Stratospheric aerosol injection Stratospheric ozone Stratospheric polar vortex Stratospheric sounding unit Streamflow Subduction Sudden stratospheric warming Sulphur hexafluoride Sunspots Surface energy budget Surface mass balance Surprises Swash Talik Technical potential Teleconnection Teleconnection pattern Temperature overshoot Terrestrial radiation Thermocline Thermokarst Thermosteric sea level change Tide gauge Time of emergence Tipping element Tipping point Top-of-atmosphere energy budget Total alkalinity Total carbon budget Total solar irradiance Total water level Trace gas Transient climate response Transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions Tree rings Trend estimates uncertainty Tropical Atlantic Variability Tropical cyclone Tropopause Troposphere Tropospheric ozone Tundra Turnover time Typological regions Uncertainty United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Uptake Upwelling region Urban heat island Urbanization Ventilation Vertical land motion Very short-lived halogenated substances Volatile organic compounds Vulnerability Walker circulation Water cycle Water mass Water security Wave setup Weathering Well-mixed greenhouse gas West African monsoon Wetland Younger Dryas Zero emissions commitment PH

@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 {{GlossaryTerms
 | glossary_page = IPCC:AR6/Data/Glossary
-| terms = Ablation, Aerosol, Albedo
+| terms = 1.5°C warmer worlds, 13C, 14C, Ablation, Abrupt change, Abrupt climate change, Accumulation, Active layer, Adaptation, Adaptation options, Adaptive capacity, Added value, Adjustments, Advection, Aerosol, Aerosol–cloud interaction, Aerosol effective radiative forcing, Aerosol optical depth, Aerosol–radiation interaction, Afforestation, Agreement, Agricultural and ecological drought, Air mass, Air pollution, Airborne fraction, Albedo, Alkalinity, Altimetry, Annular modes, Anomaly, Antarctic Ice Sheet, Anthropocene, Anthropogenic, Anthropogenic emissions, Anthropogenic removals, Anthropogenic subsidence, Apparent hydrological sensitivity, Arctic oscillation, Arid zone, Aridity, Artificial ocean upwelling, Assets, Atlantic Meridional Mode, Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multi-decadal Variability, Atlantic Zonal Mode, Atmosphere, Atmospheric boundary layer, Atmospheric rivers, Attribution, Australian and Maritime Continent monsoon, Autotrophic respiration, Avalanche, Basal lubrication, Baseline period, Baseline/reference, Baseline scenario, Benthic, Biodiversity, Bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage, Biogenic volatile organic compounds, Biogeophysical potential, Biological pump, Biomass, Biosphere, Bipolar seesaw, Black carbon, Blocking, Blue carbon, Brewer–Dobson circulation, Burden, Business as usual, CO2 equivalent emission, Calcification, Calving, Canopy temperature, Carbon–climate feedback, Carbon cycle, Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide fertilisation, Carbon dioxide capture and storage, Carbon dioxide removal, Carbon feedback, Carbon neutrality, Carbon sequestration, Carbonaceous aerosol, Carbonate pump, Catchment, Cenozoic Era, Central Pacific El Niño, Chaotic, Charcoal, Chlorofluorocarbons, Chronology, Cirrus cloud thinning, Clathrate, Clausius–Clapeyron equation/relationship, Climate, Climate–carbon cycle feedback, Climate change commitment, Climate extreme, Climate feedback, Climate feedback parameter, Climate forecast, Climate index, Climate indicator, Climate information, Climate metrics, Climate model, Climate pattern, Climate prediction, Climate projection, Climate response, Climate sensitivity, Climate services, Climate simulation ensemble, Climate system, Climate threshold, Climate variability, Climate velocity, Climatic impact-driver, Cloud condensation nuclei, Cloud feedback, Cloud radiative effect, Cloud-resolving models, Coast, Cold days/cold nights, Common era, Compatible emissions, Compound weather/climate events, Concentrations scenario, Confidence, Constant composition commitment, Constant emissions commitment, Convection, Coral bleaching, Coral reef, Cosmogenic radioisotopes, Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Cryosphere, Cumulative emissions, Dansgaard-Oeschger events, Data assimilation, Dead zones, Decadal predictability, Decadal prediction, Decadal variability, Deep uncertainty, Deforestation, Deglacial or deglaciation or glacial termination, Detection, Detection and attribution, Diatoms, Dimensions of integration, Direct air capture, Direct emissions, Disaster, Discharge, Dissolved inorganic carbon, Diurnal temperature range, Dobson unit, Downscaling, Drought, Dynamic global vegetation model, Dynamical system, Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, Earth’s energy budget, Earth's energy flows, Earth's energy imbalance, Earth's radiative response, Earth system feedbacks, Earth system model, Earth system model of intermediate complexity, Earth system sensitivity, East Asian monsoon, Eastern Pacific El Niño, Eastern boundary upwelling systems, Economic potential, Ecosystem, Effective equilibrium climate sensitivity, Effective radiative forcing due to aerosol–cloud interactions, Effective radiative forcing due to aerosol–radiation interactions, Ekman transport, El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Electromagnetic spectrum, Elevation-dependent warming, Emergence, Emergent constraint, Emission factor/Emissions intensity, Emission pathways, Emissions scenario, Emulation, Emulators, Energy balance, Energy balance model, Energy budget, Enhanced weathering, Ensemble, Equilibrium and transient climate experiment, Equilibrium climate sensitivity, Equilibrium line, Equivalent carbon dioxide emission, Eutrophication, Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, Evidence, Exposure, Extended concentration pathways, External forcing, Extratropical cyclone, Extratropical jets, Extreme climate event, Extreme/heavy precipitation event, Extreme sea level, Extreme weather event, Faculae, Fine-mode aerosol optical depth, Fingerprint, Fire weather, Firn, Fitness-for-purpose, Flaring, Flood, Flux, Foraminifera, Forcing, Forest, Fossil fuel emissions, Fossil fuels, Free atmosphere, Frozen ground, General circulation, General circulation model, Geocentric sea level change, Geoid, Geostrophic winds or currents, Glacial-interglacial cycles, Glacial isostatic adjustment, Glacial lake outburst flood /Glacier lake outburst, Glacial or glaciation, Glaciated, Glacier, Glacierized, Global carbon budget, Global dimming, Global energy budget, Global energy inventory, Global mean sea level change, Global mean surface air temperature, Global mean surface temperature, Global monsoon, Global warming, Global warming potential, "Gravitational, rotational and deformational effects", Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, Greenhouse effect, Greenhouse gas emission metric, Greenhouse gas neutrality, Greenhouse gases, Greenland Ice Sheet, Gross primary production, Ground-level ozone, Grounding line, Gyre, Hadley circulation, Halocarbons, Halocline, Halosteric, Halosteric sea level change, Hazard, Heat index, Heat stress, Heatwave, Heavy precipitation event, Heinrich event, Heterotrophic respiration, Hindcast or retrospective forecast, Holocene, Human influence on the climate system, Human system, Hydroclimate, Hydrofluorocarbons, Hydrological cycle, Hydrological drought, Hydrological sensitivity, Hydrosphere, Hypoxic, Hypsometry, Ice age, Ice–albedo feedback, Ice core, Ice sheet, Ice shelf, Ice stream, Iceberg, Indian Ocean Dipole, Indian Ocean basin mode, Indirect land-use change, Industrial revolution, Insolation, Instantaneous radiative forcing due to aerosol–cloud interactions, Instantaneous radiative forcing due to aerosol–radiation interactions, Integrated assessment model, Inter-decadal Pacific Oscillation, Inter-tropical Convergence Zone, Interglacial or interglaciation, Internal climate variability, Internal variability, Interpolation uncertainty, Interstadial or interstade, Irreversibility, Isostatic or Isostasy, Isotopes, Key climate indicators, Kriging, Land, Land cover, Land-cover change, Land surface air temperature, Land use, Land-use change, Land water storage, Lapse rate, Large-scale, Last millennium, Latent heat flux, Lifetime, Light-absorbing particles, Likelihood, Lithosphere, Livelihood, Local sea level change, Long-lived greenhouse gases, "Low-likelihood, high impact outcomes", Madden–Julian Oscillation, Maladaptive actions, Marine-based ice sheet, Marine cloud brightening, Marine heatwave, Marine ice cliff instability, Marine ice sheet instability, Marine isotope stage, Mass balance/budget, Mean sea level, Megacity, Meltwater Pulse 1A, Meridional overturning circulation, Meteorological drought, Methane, Microclimate, Microwave sounding unit, Mineralization/Remineralization, Mitigation, Mitigation pathways, Mitigation potential, Mitigation scenario, Model initialization, Model spread, Modes of climate variability, Mole fraction or mixing ratio, Montreal Protocol, Narrative, Natural systems, Natural variability, Near-surface permafrost, Negative greenhouse gas emissions, Net negative greenhouse gas emissions, Net primary production, Net zero CO2 emissions, Net zero greenhouse gas emissions, Nitrogen deposition, Nitrous oxide, Non-CO2 emissions and radiative forcing, Non-linearity, Non-methane volatile organic compounds, Non-overshoot pathways, North American monsoon, North Atlantic Oscillation, Northern Annular Mode, Ocean, Ocean acidification, Ocean alkalinization/Ocean alkalinity enhancement, Ocean carbon cycle, Ocean deoxygenation, Ocean dynamic sea level change, Ocean fertilisation, Ocean heat uptake efficiency, Ocean stratification, Orbital forcing, Organic aerosol, Outgoing longwave radiation, Outlet glacier, Overshoot pathways, Oxygen minimum zone, Ozone, Ozone-depleting substances, Ozone layer, Ozonesonde, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Variability, Pacific-North American pattern, Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, Paleoclimate, Pathways, Pattern scaling, Peat, Peatlands, Percentile, Permafrost, Permafrost degradation, Permafrost thaw, Perturbed parameter ensemble, Phenology, Photosynthesis, Physical climate storyline, Plankton, Plant evaporative stress, Pleistocene, Pliocene, Polar amplification, Pollen analysis, Potential evapotranspiration, Pre-industrial, Precipitable water, Precursors, Predictability, Prediction quality/skill, Primary production, Probability density function, Process-based model, Projection, Proxy, Quasi-Biennial Oscillation, Quaternary, Radiative forcing, Rapid dynamical change, Reanalysis, Reasons for Concern, Reconstruction, Reference period, Reference scenario, Reforestation, Region, Regional climate messages, Regional climate model, Regional sea level change, Relative humidity, Relative sea level change, Remaining carbon budget, Representative Concentration Pathways, Reservoir, Resilience, Resolution, Respiration, Response time or adjustment time, Return period, Return value, Risk, Risk assessment, Risk framework, Risk management, Risk perception, Risk trade-off, River discharge, Rock glacier, Runoff, Sampling uncertainty, Scenario, Scenario storyline, Sea ice, Sea ice area, Sea ice concentration, Sea ice extent, Sea level change, Sea level equivalent, Sea level rise, Sea surface temperature, Semi-empirical model, Sensible heat flux, Sequestration, Sequestration potential, Shared socio-economic pathways, Short-lived climate forcers, Short-lived climate pollutants, Significant wave height, Simple climate model, Sink, Small Island Developing States, Snow cover, Snow cover duration, Snow cover extent, Snow water equivalent, Socio-economic scenario, Soil moisture, Soil temperature, Solar activity, Solar cycle, Solar radiation, Solar radiation modification, Solubility pump, Source, South American monsoon, South Pacific Convergence Zone, South and South East Asian monsoon, Southern Annular Mode, Specific humidity, Stadial or stade, Steric sea level change, Storm surge, Storm tracks, Storyline, Stratification, Stratosphere, Stratosphere–troposphere exchange, Stratospheric aerosol injection, Stratospheric ozone, Stratospheric polar vortex, Stratospheric sounding unit, Streamflow, Subduction, Sudden stratospheric warming, Sulphur hexafluoride, Sunspots, Surface energy budget, Surface mass balance, Surprises, Swash, Talik, Technical potential, Teleconnection, Teleconnection pattern, Temperature overshoot, Terrestrial radiation, Thermocline, Thermokarst, Thermosteric sea level change, Tide gauge, Time of emergence, Tipping element, Tipping point, Top-of-atmosphere energy budget, Total alkalinity, Total carbon budget, Total solar irradiance, Total water level, Trace gas, Transient climate response, Transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions, Tree rings, Trend estimates uncertainty, Tropical Atlantic Variability, Tropical cyclone, Tropopause, Troposphere, Tropospheric ozone, Tundra, Turnover time, Typological regions, Uncertainty, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Uptake, Upwelling region, Urban heat island, Urbanization, Ventilation, Vertical land motion, Very short-lived halogenated substances, Volatile organic compounds, Vulnerability, Walker circulation, Water cycle, Water mass, Water security, Wave setup, Weathering, Well-mixed greenhouse gas, West African monsoon, Wetland, Younger Dryas, Zero emissions commitment, PH
 }}

IPCC:AR6/WGI: Difference between revisions